Accepted September 20, 2011; Published October 19, 2011 Copyright: 2011 Halliday A. Idikio. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: The author has no funding or support to declare. Competing Interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist. E-mail: [email protected] Introduction Cancer biomarkers are sought to help in definitive diagnosis, treatment responses, and predicting survival of cancer patients. In order to predict cancer treatment response, reliable markers of cancer cell death and survival pathways and how they are affected by cancer treatment modalities are needed. Available methods to identify such markers include genomics, proteomics and tissue based immunohistochemical staining. Quantitation of cancer biomarker transcripts using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction of large samples may help in the search for clinically ” useful cancer biomarkers that can be integrated into clinical trial design. The desired end-point in the treatment of human cancers is to produce total cancer cell death. Cancer cell death can proceed via apotosis, necrosis or autophagy . Necroptosis is a programmed cell death pathway that requires the formation of necrosome, has a natural inhibitor, and requires the functioning complex of RIP1 and RIP3 ; necroptosis can be induced by other pathways such as toll-like receptors, Jun kinases, CD40, SPP1 and glutathione metabolism. Necroptosis and apoptosis have some common regulators. RIP3 can move cells from apoptosis to necroptosis. Induction of autophagy can complement buy Pyrroloquinolinequinone disodium salt druginduced cancer cell death. There is growing consensus that all three programmed cell-death pathways are interconnected. Furthermore, one principal feature of most cancers is to ” resist cell death. Many factors and signaling pathways lead to cancer cell death. Inhibiting autophagy may promote necrotic cell death, apoptosis, and apoptosis can switch to autophagy and vice-versa. Galectin-3, a member of the galectin family, has both anti- and pro-apoptotic effects, expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm, affects Ras-signaling in cancers and nuclear localization may induce resistance to treatment. Galectin-3 is present in many normal tissues and cell types including endothelial cells. Galectin-3 expression has been 1 October 2011 | Volume 6 | Issue 10 | e26150 Galectin-3 and Beclin1 mRNA in Human Cancers linked 
to progression, metastasis and survival of patients with many human cancer types such as breast and thyroid cancers. Galectin-3 regulates other signaling pathways. Galectin-3 signaling has not been linked to autophagy but has BH1 domain of Bcl-2 and interacts with Bcl-2 and thus could interact with the autophagy pathway. Beclin1 is an autophagy related protein and haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene and oncogene and is highly expressed in many human cancers. Beclin1 overexpression may promote cancer cell survival. Beclin1 is deleted in some cancers. Beclin1 is a class III phosphatidylinositol 3kinase. Autophagy genes are regulated by cell-cycle genes , oncogenes and inositol triphosphate receptor. Apoptosis and autophagy are activated by similar signals such as stress, drugs, radiation and are regulated by similar pathways such as Bcl-2, Bax, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted in chromosome 10
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