Diabetes. Prior to VHL deletion, STZ significantly increased blood glucose levels

Diabetes. Prior to VHL deletion, STZ 68181-17-9 significantly increased blood glucose CASIN levels compared with non-treated mice (p = 0.0057). However, after this deletion, blood glucose levels continued to decrease (p = 0.036) and finally declined to the hypoglycemic level. In contrast, the mice treated with STZ after VHL-KO did not show any significant increases in blood glucose levels throughout the experiment (Figure 1B), which suggested that hypoglycemia may not have been due to an insulin-dependent effect. In the glucose tolerance test, the blood glucose levels in C57BL6/J with/without tamoxifen and VHLf/dCreERTM mice with/without tamoxifen revealed no significant differences during the follow-up period (Figure 1C). Histopathological images of pancreatic tissues, particularly islets of Langerhans, showed that there were no morphological changes or immunohistological changes in insulin and glucagon distributions between control and VHL-KO mice, while the VHL expression level decreased in VHLKO mice, compared to control mice (Figure 1D, top panel). The diameters of the islets of Langerhans (maximum diameters) were not significantly different between control and VHL-KO mice (Figure 1D, bottom graph). In the fasted state, basal insulin levels were comparable between the VHL-KO (VHLf/fCreERTM with tamoxifen) and control (VHLf/MiceVHL-KO mice were treated with Nv-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME, Sigma-Aldrich) using osmotic pumps (DURECT Corporation, Cupertino, CA, USA) 1315463 as described previously [25]. The osmotic pumps were implanted subcutaneously, which provided for a constant systemic administration (62.5 mg/mL/h) of L-NAME during the experiment (14 days). VHL-KO mice treated with 0.9 NaCl were used as controls. Two days after pump implantation, mice were injected with tamoxifen. Non-fasting blood glucose levels (BS) were determined before (BSbefore) and seven days after (BSafter) the tamoxifen injection. Data were used to determine DBS values: DBS = BSafter ?BSbefore.eNOS-deficient MiceHomozygous eNOS2/2 mice (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar harbor, ME, USA) were intercrossed with VHL-KO mice and heterozygous mice (VHL+/fCreERTMeNOS+/2) were mated with each other to obtain mice that lacked both the eNOS and VHL (VHLf/fCreERTMeNOS2/2) genes. These mice were injected with tamoxifen to actively express Cre recombinase. DBS values were determined as with L-NAME-treated mice.IGF-IR Antagonist-treated MiceTo identify a key molecule responsible for the hypoglycemic state observed in VHL-KO mice, we examined the blood glucose levels in VHL-KO mice after they were treated with an IGF-IR inhibitor. VHL-KO mice were treated for 14 days using osmoticVHL Deletion Causes HypoglycemiaVHL Deletion Causes HypoglycemiaFigure 1. VHL-KO mice exhibit hypoglycemia despite normal glucose tolerance and intact pancreatic b cells. (A) VHL-KO mice had significant decreases in blood glucose levels (BS) after tamoxifen injection (4 mg/mouse; n = 10). (B) VHL-KO mice were treated with streptozotocin (STZ) before or after VHL-knockdown (n = 4 per group). Before tamoxifen injection, STZ treated mice (blue line) had significant increases in BS compared with their pre-STZ-blood glucose levels. After tamoxifen injection, their BS gradually decreased (day 0 vs. day 7, *p = 0.0057; day 7 vs. day 17, **p = 0.036). The mice treated with STZ after tamoxifen injection (red line) did not show any significant increases in blood glucose levels throughout the experiment. (C) V.Diabetes. Prior to VHL deletion, STZ significantly increased blood glucose levels compared with non-treated mice (p = 0.0057). However, after this deletion, blood glucose levels continued to decrease (p = 0.036) and finally declined to the hypoglycemic level. In contrast, the mice treated with STZ after VHL-KO did not show any significant increases in blood glucose levels throughout the experiment (Figure 1B), which suggested that hypoglycemia may not have been due to an insulin-dependent effect. In the glucose tolerance test, the blood glucose levels in C57BL6/J with/without tamoxifen and VHLf/dCreERTM mice with/without tamoxifen revealed no significant differences during the follow-up period (Figure 1C). Histopathological images of pancreatic tissues, particularly islets of Langerhans, showed that there were no morphological changes or immunohistological changes in insulin and glucagon distributions between control and VHL-KO mice, while the VHL expression level decreased in VHLKO mice, compared to control mice (Figure 1D, top panel). The diameters of the islets of Langerhans (maximum diameters) were not significantly different between control and VHL-KO mice (Figure 1D, bottom graph). In the fasted state, basal insulin levels were comparable between the VHL-KO (VHLf/fCreERTM with tamoxifen) and control (VHLf/MiceVHL-KO mice were treated with Nv-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME, Sigma-Aldrich) using osmotic pumps (DURECT Corporation, Cupertino, CA, USA) 1315463 as described previously [25]. The osmotic pumps were implanted subcutaneously, which provided for a constant systemic administration (62.5 mg/mL/h) of L-NAME during the experiment (14 days). VHL-KO mice treated with 0.9 NaCl were used as controls. Two days after pump implantation, mice were injected with tamoxifen. Non-fasting blood glucose levels (BS) were determined before (BSbefore) and seven days after (BSafter) the tamoxifen injection. Data were used to determine DBS values: DBS = BSafter ?BSbefore.eNOS-deficient MiceHomozygous eNOS2/2 mice (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar harbor, ME, USA) were intercrossed with VHL-KO mice and heterozygous mice (VHL+/fCreERTMeNOS+/2) were mated with each other to obtain mice that lacked both the eNOS and VHL (VHLf/fCreERTMeNOS2/2) genes. These mice were injected with tamoxifen to actively express Cre recombinase. DBS values were determined as with L-NAME-treated mice.IGF-IR Antagonist-treated MiceTo identify a key molecule responsible for the hypoglycemic state observed in VHL-KO mice, we examined the blood glucose levels in VHL-KO mice after they were treated with an IGF-IR inhibitor. VHL-KO mice were treated for 14 days using osmoticVHL Deletion Causes HypoglycemiaVHL Deletion Causes HypoglycemiaFigure 1. VHL-KO mice exhibit hypoglycemia despite normal glucose tolerance and intact pancreatic b cells. (A) VHL-KO mice had significant decreases in blood glucose levels (BS) after tamoxifen injection (4 mg/mouse; n = 10). (B) VHL-KO mice were treated with streptozotocin (STZ) before or after VHL-knockdown (n = 4 per group). Before tamoxifen injection, STZ treated mice (blue line) had significant increases in BS compared with their pre-STZ-blood glucose levels. After tamoxifen injection, their BS gradually decreased (day 0 vs. day 7, *p = 0.0057; day 7 vs. day 17, **p = 0.036). The mice treated with STZ after tamoxifen injection (red line) did not show any significant increases in blood glucose levels throughout the experiment. (C) V.