BFC discriminates patterns based on waveform, phase and amplitude

um were studied in cell lines that carry specific gene deficiencies or that overexpress certain protein variants. Cells that lack ChLim, overexpress LimF, or express a constitutively active form of Rab21 exhibit significantly & 2005 European Molecular Biology Organization Rab21 regulation of phagocytosis T Khurana et al increased rates of phagocytosis as compared with wild type. To establish genetic and biochemical hierarchies in the pathway, we examined cells carrying mutations in multiple genes. We conclude that activated Rab21-GTP is required to promote high rates of phagocytosis, but that ChLim inhibits the function of Rab21-GTP. Furthermore, LimF is required for the activating function of Rab21-GTP during phagocytosis. Finally, we have confirmed a physical relationship during phagocytosis: GFP-ChLim and YFP-LimF are enriched at the phagocytic cup and associated with intracellular phagolysosomal vesicles. We suggest that LimF, ChLim, and Rab21-GTP participate in a unique signaling complex that regulates phagocytic KU55933 chemical information activity and discuss potentially related paths in other systems. Structural stability of LIM domains depends on the coordinated tetrahedral binding of two zinc-atoms via cysteine and histidine residues. LIM domains act as adapters that mediate proteinprotein interactions for a variety of cellular and developmental activities and LIM-regulated cytoskeletal reorganizations are required for cell motility, cellcell interaction, cellsubstratum attachment, and other dynamic processes. In an effort to identify novel regulators of cytoskeletal function in Dictyostelium, we focused on a new LIM domain protein, LimF, identified in a bioinformatics domain search. PCR amplifications were used to generate full-length genomic and cDNA sequences of LimF. LimF has 197 aminoacid residues organized into PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19804355 three perfect LIM domain repeats, at residues 961, 79136, and 143196; no additional motifs are present, thus defining LimF as a LIM-only protein. LimF has B50% aminoacid identity within the LIM and spacer regions of the LIM-containing carboxyl-terminus of LimA of Dictyostelium, but we did not detect strong sequence similarity to any other protein. To determine the biochemical function of LimF, we searched for interacting partners in a yeast two-hybrid screen. Eight putative LimF-interacting partners were identified in an initial screen. Of these, two were identified multiple times in several screens and continued to display high selectivity as assayed both by growth dependency and intensity of b-galactosidase expression during all subsequent rounds of analyses; both of these proteins were selected for additional study. Although neither cDNA fusion was full length, sequence analyses predicted that one of the proteins, designated ChLim, is novel with both calponin homology and LIM domains. The other LimF-interacting protein is the small GTPase Rab21, which had been previously named RabB. The mRNAs for LimF, & 2005 European Molecular Biology Organization + + ChLim, and Rab21 are expressed during growth and throughout all developmental stages examined, consistent with potential interactions in vivo. Full-length genomic DNA and cDNAs for both ChLim and Rab21 were amplified using information derived from the completed genomic sequence of Dictyostelium. ChLim encodes a protein of 686 amino-acid residues and contains a single 126 nt intron. Residues 17116 form the CH domain with 440% identity to CH domains of calponin-like proteins of other species