Rom 0 (not at all) to 5 (extremely). Together these items formed a

Rom 0 (not at all) to 5 (extremely). Together these items formed a reliable scale ( = 0.89). Expression: gloating. Although our method did not rely on participants knowing the meaning of the word gloating, as a face valid test we asked participants if they “would feel like gloating.” Responses were given on a 6-point scale from 0 (not at all) to 5 (extremely). Expression: smiling. Based on Roseman et al. (1990), we asked participants if they”. . .would feel like smiling”or”. . .would smile” in the situation they had just read about. Responses were given on a 9-point scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 9 (very much so). Expression: celebrating. To assess their outward expression of celebrating, we asked participants if they “. . .would feel like celebrating” and “. . .would feel like holding my head up high.” Responses were given on a 9-point scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 9 (very much so). Expression: flaunting. Three items assessed the flaunting of pleasure: “. . .would feel like freely expressing my glee,” “. . .would feel like flaunting my pleasure,” and “. . .would feel like boasting.” Responses were given on a 9-point scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 9 (very much so). Expression: suppressing. We asked participants if they would “. . .feel like stopping myself visibly smiling” and “…stop myself visibly smiling.” Responses were given on a 9-point scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 9 (very much so). We also asked participants if they would feel “… ashamed for feeling good.” Responses were given on a 6-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 5 (extremely).Table 4 | The experience of gloating and schadenfreude, Study 2. Gloating M (SE) Want to avoid pain BCTC Pleasuresa General pleasure Triumphant Emboldened Activityb Jumping up and down Going for it Elevated phenomenologya 10 feet tall Walking on air On top of the world 3.32 (0.165) 2.96 (0.165) 3.46 (0.147) 1.89 (0.169) 1.36 (0.169) 1.47 (0.150) 5.94 (0.304) 6.08 (0.280) 3.53 (0.309) 4.71 (0.285) 4.47 (0.123) 4.30 (0.135) 2.78 (0.159) 2.28 (0.126) 1.50 (0.136) 1.47 (0.163) 3.17 (0.251)RESULTSEquivalence checksThe equivalence checks were examined in a series of ANOVAs that TMS treated participants’ sex, schadenfreude vs. gloating vignette, and individual vs. group emotion as factors that could interact. Given the possibility that women and men might differ in their interest in the sport of field hockey we included sex as a factor in these initial analyses. The feeling of rivalry with the other party was unaffected by the examined factors (all ps > 0.13, all 2 < 0.020, M = 3.63 to p 4.15). In addition, hostility toward the rival was consistent across factors (all ps > 0.21, all 2 < 0.015, M = 2.49 to 2.72). Also, p participants felt equally "threatened" across emotion conditions, F(1,117) = 0.022, p = 0.882, 2 < 0.001. However, they did feel p more threatened in the individual than in the group conditions, F(1,117) = 4.75, p = 0.031, 2 < 0.039. No other effects were p significant, all p > 0.18, all 2 < 0.015. p Participants showed equal interest in sport (M = 4.24, SD = 1.88) and in field hockey (M = 2.52, SD = 1.63) across conditions, all p > 0.18 and all 2 < 0.001. As such, this varip able was excluded from further analysis. Participants' sex was also excluded from further analysis because it had little effect here or below.Experience: pleasuresAs shown in the top of Table 4, participants in the schadenfreude condition attributed their feeling to wanting to avoid pain m.Rom 0 (not at all) to 5 (extremely). Together these items formed a reliable scale ( = 0.89). Expression: gloating. Although our method did not rely on participants knowing the meaning of the word gloating, as a face valid test we asked participants if they "would feel like gloating." Responses were given on a 6-point scale from 0 (not at all) to 5 (extremely). Expression: smiling. Based on Roseman et al. (1990), we asked participants if they". . .would feel like smiling"or". . .would smile" in the situation they had just read about. Responses were given on a 9-point scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 9 (very much so). Expression: celebrating. To assess their outward expression of celebrating, we asked participants if they ". . .would feel like celebrating" and ". . .would feel like holding my head up high." Responses were given on a 9-point scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 9 (very much so). Expression: flaunting. Three items assessed the flaunting of pleasure: ". . .would feel like freely expressing my glee," ". . .would feel like flaunting my pleasure," and ". . .would feel like boasting." Responses were given on a 9-point scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 9 (very much so). Expression: suppressing. We asked participants if they would ". . .feel like stopping myself visibly smiling" and "...stop myself visibly smiling." Responses were given on a 9-point scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 9 (very much so). We also asked participants if they would feel "... ashamed for feeling good." Responses were given on a 6-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 5 (extremely).Table 4 | The experience of gloating and schadenfreude, Study 2. Gloating M (SE) Want to avoid pain Pleasuresa General pleasure Triumphant Emboldened Activityb Jumping up and down Going for it Elevated phenomenologya 10 feet tall Walking on air On top of the world 3.32 (0.165) 2.96 (0.165) 3.46 (0.147) 1.89 (0.169) 1.36 (0.169) 1.47 (0.150) 5.94 (0.304) 6.08 (0.280) 3.53 (0.309) 4.71 (0.285) 4.47 (0.123) 4.30 (0.135) 2.78 (0.159) 2.28 (0.126) 1.50 (0.136) 1.47 (0.163) 3.17 (0.251)RESULTSEquivalence checksThe equivalence checks were examined in a series of ANOVAs that treated participants' sex, schadenfreude vs. gloating vignette, and individual vs. group emotion as factors that could interact. Given the possibility that women and men might differ in their interest in the sport of field hockey we included sex as a factor in these initial analyses. The feeling of rivalry with the other party was unaffected by the examined factors (all ps > 0.13, all 2 < 0.020, M = 3.63 to p 4.15). In addition, hostility toward the rival was consistent across factors (all ps > 0.21, all 2 < 0.015, M = 2.49 to 2.72). Also, p participants felt equally "threatened" across emotion conditions, F(1,117) = 0.022, p = 0.882, 2 < 0.001. However, they did feel p more threatened in the individual than in the group conditions, F(1,117) = 4.75, p = 0.031, 2 < 0.039. No other effects were p significant, all p > 0.18, all 2 < 0.015. p Participants showed equal interest in sport (M = 4.24, SD = 1.88) and in field hockey (M = 2.52, SD = 1.63) across conditions, all p > 0.18 and all 2 < 0.001. As such, this varip able was excluded from further analysis. Participants' sex was also excluded from further analysis because it had little effect here or below.Experience: pleasuresAs shown in the top of Table 4, participants in the schadenfreude condition attributed their feeling to wanting to avoid pain m.