The peak attained after subconjunctival injections was also broad (Figure 2C

The peak attained after subconjunctival injections was also broad (Figure 2C). In the case of intravitreal injections, a comparatively sharper peak was attained (Figure 2D), primarily due to the lack of any secondary fluorescence.Higher Rate and MedChemExpress Pentagastrin extent of Delivery to Choroid-retina after Suprachoroidal InjectionNaF levels in the anterior chamber. We compared the pharmacokinetics of NaF after suprachoroidal, subconjunctival, and intravitreal injections (Figure 3,4,5,6). In pharmacokinetic analysis, the rate and extent of delivery is related to Cmax and AUC. Further, Tmax is related to the rate of delivery, if the elimination remains the same in a given tissue, irrespective of the route of drug entry and concentration. Rapid absorption into the choroid-retina region, as indicated by the Tmax value, wasobserved immediately upon suprachoroidal injection. In comparison, intravitreal and subconjunctival injections had Cmax at 27.5 and 10 minutes, respectively. After suprachoroidal injection, the Cmax of NaF in choroid-retina was 36- and 25- fold higher than subconjunctival and intravitreal injection, respectively. Further, the extent of delivery was also 6- and 2- fold higher than subconjunctival and intravitreal injections, respectively. The higher rate and extent of delivery to choroid-retina after suprachoroidal injection is due to targeted deposition of the dose in the choroid. In comparison to suprachoroidal injection, drug molecules administered by intravitreal and subconjunctival routes need to cross various barriers to reach the target tissue. Olsen et al. [18] have also shown localized delivery to choroid-retina following suprachoroidal injection of bevacizumab. Araie and Maurice [35] froze and sectioned eyes to expose the vitreous and fixed them to a cryotome stage. The entire vitreous was scanned using a fluorometer. Readings obtained by the fluorometer were normalized by assigning a maximum value behind the lens at 100. Lines were drawn for the values 90, 80, and so on, obtained by interpolation between the measured values. A concentration contour map was created based on the measured values. Araie and Maurice observed that NaF concentration was the highest in the vitreous immediately adjacent to the lens and dropped to a low value of 30 over the entire surface of 1317923 the retina and iris-ciliary body indicating that the majority of NaF was cleared from the anterior segment [35]. Thus, following intravitreal injections, NaF is expected to predominantly clear through the anterior segment [36]. Therefore, NaF detected in the choroid-retina region after intravitreal injection in our study can be due to accumulation of NaF at the retinal surface [35] and may not truly depict delivery to the choroid-retina region. Posterior subconjunctival injection in rats, analogous to subTenon injection in humans, is expected to deliver drugs to the back of the eye tissues [10]. The extent of delivery to choroidretina after subconjunctival injection is lower compared to suprachoroidal route in our study, possibly due to multiple clearance pathways. In comparison to subconjunctival injection, suprachoroidal injection places the entire dose in close proximity to the choroid, thereby resulting in higher drug levels and exposure to the choroid-retina region. Following subconjunctival injection, the drug may encounter several elimination K162 site pathways including episcleral and conjunctival vasculature prior to entering the choroid [37]. NaF exposure to the vitreous.The peak attained after subconjunctival injections was also broad (Figure 2C). In the case of intravitreal injections, a comparatively sharper peak was attained (Figure 2D), primarily due to the lack of any secondary fluorescence.Higher Rate and Extent of Delivery to Choroid-retina after Suprachoroidal InjectionNaF levels in the anterior chamber. We compared the pharmacokinetics of NaF after suprachoroidal, subconjunctival, and intravitreal injections (Figure 3,4,5,6). In pharmacokinetic analysis, the rate and extent of delivery is related to Cmax and AUC. Further, Tmax is related to the rate of delivery, if the elimination remains the same in a given tissue, irrespective of the route of drug entry and concentration. Rapid absorption into the choroid-retina region, as indicated by the Tmax value, wasobserved immediately upon suprachoroidal injection. In comparison, intravitreal and subconjunctival injections had Cmax at 27.5 and 10 minutes, respectively. After suprachoroidal injection, the Cmax of NaF in choroid-retina was 36- and 25- fold higher than subconjunctival and intravitreal injection, respectively. Further, the extent of delivery was also 6- and 2- fold higher than subconjunctival and intravitreal injections, respectively. The higher rate and extent of delivery to choroid-retina after suprachoroidal injection is due to targeted deposition of the dose in the choroid. In comparison to suprachoroidal injection, drug molecules administered by intravitreal and subconjunctival routes need to cross various barriers to reach the target tissue. Olsen et al. [18] have also shown localized delivery to choroid-retina following suprachoroidal injection of bevacizumab. Araie and Maurice [35] froze and sectioned eyes to expose the vitreous and fixed them to a cryotome stage. The entire vitreous was scanned using a fluorometer. Readings obtained by the fluorometer were normalized by assigning a maximum value behind the lens at 100. Lines were drawn for the values 90, 80, and so on, obtained by interpolation between the measured values. A concentration contour map was created based on the measured values. Araie and Maurice observed that NaF concentration was the highest in the vitreous immediately adjacent to the lens and dropped to a low value of 30 over the entire surface of 1317923 the retina and iris-ciliary body indicating that the majority of NaF was cleared from the anterior segment [35]. Thus, following intravitreal injections, NaF is expected to predominantly clear through the anterior segment [36]. Therefore, NaF detected in the choroid-retina region after intravitreal injection in our study can be due to accumulation of NaF at the retinal surface [35] and may not truly depict delivery to the choroid-retina region. Posterior subconjunctival injection in rats, analogous to subTenon injection in humans, is expected to deliver drugs to the back of the eye tissues [10]. The extent of delivery to choroidretina after subconjunctival injection is lower compared to suprachoroidal route in our study, possibly due to multiple clearance pathways. In comparison to subconjunctival injection, suprachoroidal injection places the entire dose in close proximity to the choroid, thereby resulting in higher drug levels and exposure to the choroid-retina region. Following subconjunctival injection, the drug may encounter several elimination pathways including episcleral and conjunctival vasculature prior to entering the choroid [37]. NaF exposure to the vitreous.