Ssay conditions we used for human TAAR5 (Figure S2). This confirms

Ssay conditions we used for human TAAR5 (Figure S2). This confirms that the murine TAAR5 is more sensitive than the human ortholog, at least in a recombinant system. However, it could still play an important role within human olfaction. In a recombinant system the co-expression of different proteins like REEPs or RTPs can influence the receptor cell-surface expression [14,29], which essentially determines measured intensities of receptor activation. We co-transfected RTP1S and Golf that might increase the surface expression of m/hTAAR5 and general assay sensitivity, but there might be even more optimized expression conditions for each receptor. It is also possible that receptors expressed in vivo in OSNs are more sensitive than receptors expressed in vitro in a recombinant system. The olfactory detection threshold for TMA in water is 4.761027 g/l, which is equivalent to 8 nM [30]. In a recombinant system, even the sensitive murine TAAR5 is not activated by such a low TMA concentration. The low olfactory detection threshold for TMA is similar to that for 5a-androst-16-en-3-one, a human steroid in male and female urine and sweat [30]. In vitro, the olfactory receptor OR7D4 is selectively activated by androstenone with an EC50 value of 12 mM, which is also above the olfactory threshold concentration [31]. It seems to be not quite clear to what extent receptor sensitivities in recombinant systems can be transferred to in vivo situations, where the receptor is expressed in native OSNs. Nevertheless, the general functionality can be tested. Furthermore, there is 1527786 a link between the function of OR7D4 in vitro and the rating of androstenone in vivo [31], as well as between the function of OR11H7P in vitro and threshold variations in the perception of isovaleric acid in vivo [32]. In both cases, SNPs in the coding sequence of odorant receptors were responsible for phenotypic variations. Many odor-specific anosmias are known, although their molecular background remains enigmatic. Thus, we investigated whether any SNP in a functional hTAAR gene was associated with TMA anosmia andcompared the determined SNP frequency with that found in a Caucasian control group. No significant association was found in any of the hTAAR coding sequences. Interestingly, no nonsynonymous SNP in the coding sequence of hTAAR5 with a frequency greater than 2.8 has been reported (dbSNP build 135). However, assuming that solely a single polymorphism in the TMA receptor gene TAAR5 is responsible for the specific anosmia for TMA present in 7 of the population [18], the frequency of the causative loss-of-function allele would be expected to be 26.5 for a recessive disorder and 3.6 for a dominant disorder, as long as the population is in MedChemExpress KS-176 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Therefore, we propose the molecular NT-157 site reason for the observed TMA anosmia is independent of a mutation within the hTAAR5 coding sequence. Due to the fact that we focused on analyzing the hTAAR reading frames, it is possible that there is a molecular reason we 1317923 did not identify, because the mutation may be elsewhere in the hTAAR5 gene or in a gene regulator element. We cannot exclude the presence of a mutation within the coding sequence of another high-affinity TMA sensor responsible for TMA anosmia. To identify the TMA anosmics, we used a standardized test concentration that is 16 times higher than the olfactory detection threshold [19]. Amoore used also higher TMA concentrations and showed that the average specific.Ssay conditions we used for human TAAR5 (Figure S2). This confirms that the murine TAAR5 is more sensitive than the human ortholog, at least in a recombinant system. However, it could still play an important role within human olfaction. In a recombinant system the co-expression of different proteins like REEPs or RTPs can influence the receptor cell-surface expression [14,29], which essentially determines measured intensities of receptor activation. We co-transfected RTP1S and Golf that might increase the surface expression of m/hTAAR5 and general assay sensitivity, but there might be even more optimized expression conditions for each receptor. It is also possible that receptors expressed in vivo in OSNs are more sensitive than receptors expressed in vitro in a recombinant system. The olfactory detection threshold for TMA in water is 4.761027 g/l, which is equivalent to 8 nM [30]. In a recombinant system, even the sensitive murine TAAR5 is not activated by such a low TMA concentration. The low olfactory detection threshold for TMA is similar to that for 5a-androst-16-en-3-one, a human steroid in male and female urine and sweat [30]. In vitro, the olfactory receptor OR7D4 is selectively activated by androstenone with an EC50 value of 12 mM, which is also above the olfactory threshold concentration [31]. It seems to be not quite clear to what extent receptor sensitivities in recombinant systems can be transferred to in vivo situations, where the receptor is expressed in native OSNs. Nevertheless, the general functionality can be tested. Furthermore, there is 1527786 a link between the function of OR7D4 in vitro and the rating of androstenone in vivo [31], as well as between the function of OR11H7P in vitro and threshold variations in the perception of isovaleric acid in vivo [32]. In both cases, SNPs in the coding sequence of odorant receptors were responsible for phenotypic variations. Many odor-specific anosmias are known, although their molecular background remains enigmatic. Thus, we investigated whether any SNP in a functional hTAAR gene was associated with TMA anosmia andcompared the determined SNP frequency with that found in a Caucasian control group. No significant association was found in any of the hTAAR coding sequences. Interestingly, no nonsynonymous SNP in the coding sequence of hTAAR5 with a frequency greater than 2.8 has been reported (dbSNP build 135). However, assuming that solely a single polymorphism in the TMA receptor gene TAAR5 is responsible for the specific anosmia for TMA present in 7 of the population [18], the frequency of the causative loss-of-function allele would be expected to be 26.5 for a recessive disorder and 3.6 for a dominant disorder, as long as the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Therefore, we propose the molecular reason for the observed TMA anosmia is independent of a mutation within the hTAAR5 coding sequence. Due to the fact that we focused on analyzing the hTAAR reading frames, it is possible that there is a molecular reason we 1317923 did not identify, because the mutation may be elsewhere in the hTAAR5 gene or in a gene regulator element. We cannot exclude the presence of a mutation within the coding sequence of another high-affinity TMA sensor responsible for TMA anosmia. To identify the TMA anosmics, we used a standardized test concentration that is 16 times higher than the olfactory detection threshold [19]. Amoore used also higher TMA concentrations and showed that the average specific.