Cells were able to preserve their high proliferative rate, while HCEnC-

Cells were able to preserve their high proliferative rate, while HCEnC-21 displayed slower proliferation, indicating that the significantly enhanced hTERT activity accounted for the superior proliferative rate of HCEnC-21T. The major functions of HCEn are to provide a leaky barrier between the aqueous humor and stroma and to counteract the stromal (corneal) swelling pressure by active ion transport. TheTelomerase-Immortalized Human Corneal EndotheliumFigure 5. HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T cells express genes for ion pumping and typical corneal endothelial markers. (A) Cell extracts were separated by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted for N-cadherin and collagen type 8 a2. 21M, HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T, but not stromal fibroblasts, synthesized N-cadherin and Col8a2. E: earlier passages ,25. L: later passages .45. (B ) Expression of (B) Na/K ATPase a1, (C) Na/K ATPase a3, (D) carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2), (E) Na/H+ exchanger (NHE1), (F) neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and (G) aquaporin 1 (Aqp1) was detected by real-time PCR. Na/K ATPase a3 and Aqp1 showed increased expression; all other genes were expressed at similar levels relative to 21M primary cells. Stromal fibroblasts expressed significantly less Na/K ATPase a1 and a3, NHE1, and CA2 relative to HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T. (H) Monocarboxylate cotransporters (MCT1, -2, and -4), anion exchanger 2 (AE2), carbonic anhydrase 12 (CA12), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), soluble adenylyl cyclase 10 (sAC10), and GAPDH were detected by RT PCR. All genes, except for MCT4 and CA12, showed similar expression in HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T compared to corneal endothelial tissue. Error bars indicate mean 6 SEM. *, p,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051427.gbarrier Crenolanib site function of HCEnCs is dependent on their ability to form tight junctions [33,45,46]. Our data show that ZO-1, a key component of tight junctions, is synthesized in HCEnC-21 1531364 and HCEnC-21T cells and localizes to the cell-cell boundaries. This staining pattern is expected for functional tight junctions and resembles the staining patterns seen in vivo [45,46]. In addition, N-cadherin, which is part of the tight junction-associated adherens junctions, was MedChemExpress CTX-0294885 produced in HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T cells as seen in corneal endothelial cells in vivo [47]. The functionality of the junctional complexes was confirmed by measurement of the TER. The TER of HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T cells reached 15?8 V*cm2, which is typical for the leaky barrier of HCEnCs [33]. Regarding the corneal endothelial pump function, we demonstrated that HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T cells accumulate Na/K ATPase a1 in their plasma membranes and that they express a variety of ion transporters normally found in HCEn [48]. It was recently established that coupled lactate and protonpumping is an essential component of the corneal endothelial pump [29], and the functional analysis of lactate transport revealed that HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T cells actively pump lactate across their cell membranes as evidenced by corresponding pH changes. This study is significant because it demonstrates that propagation of HCEn in vitro can be achieved through telomerase overexpression, while desired hexagonal morphology, marker gene expression, and corneal endothelial functionality are retained. Since the inability to regenerate endothelium remains a major challenge in ophthalmology, the possibility of identifying a population of HCEnCs with self-renewal competence and stimulating its growth potential in vivo could ge.Cells were able to preserve their high proliferative rate, while HCEnC-21 displayed slower proliferation, indicating that the significantly enhanced hTERT activity accounted for the superior proliferative rate of HCEnC-21T. The major functions of HCEn are to provide a leaky barrier between the aqueous humor and stroma and to counteract the stromal (corneal) swelling pressure by active ion transport. TheTelomerase-Immortalized Human Corneal EndotheliumFigure 5. HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T cells express genes for ion pumping and typical corneal endothelial markers. (A) Cell extracts were separated by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted for N-cadherin and collagen type 8 a2. 21M, HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T, but not stromal fibroblasts, synthesized N-cadherin and Col8a2. E: earlier passages ,25. L: later passages .45. (B ) Expression of (B) Na/K ATPase a1, (C) Na/K ATPase a3, (D) carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2), (E) Na/H+ exchanger (NHE1), (F) neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and (G) aquaporin 1 (Aqp1) was detected by real-time PCR. Na/K ATPase a3 and Aqp1 showed increased expression; all other genes were expressed at similar levels relative to 21M primary cells. Stromal fibroblasts expressed significantly less Na/K ATPase a1 and a3, NHE1, and CA2 relative to HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T. (H) Monocarboxylate cotransporters (MCT1, -2, and -4), anion exchanger 2 (AE2), carbonic anhydrase 12 (CA12), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), soluble adenylyl cyclase 10 (sAC10), and GAPDH were detected by RT PCR. All genes, except for MCT4 and CA12, showed similar expression in HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T compared to corneal endothelial tissue. Error bars indicate mean 6 SEM. *, p,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051427.gbarrier function of HCEnCs is dependent on their ability to form tight junctions [33,45,46]. Our data show that ZO-1, a key component of tight junctions, is synthesized in HCEnC-21 1531364 and HCEnC-21T cells and localizes to the cell-cell boundaries. This staining pattern is expected for functional tight junctions and resembles the staining patterns seen in vivo [45,46]. In addition, N-cadherin, which is part of the tight junction-associated adherens junctions, was produced in HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T cells as seen in corneal endothelial cells in vivo [47]. The functionality of the junctional complexes was confirmed by measurement of the TER. The TER of HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T cells reached 15?8 V*cm2, which is typical for the leaky barrier of HCEnCs [33]. Regarding the corneal endothelial pump function, we demonstrated that HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T cells accumulate Na/K ATPase a1 in their plasma membranes and that they express a variety of ion transporters normally found in HCEn [48]. It was recently established that coupled lactate and protonpumping is an essential component of the corneal endothelial pump [29], and the functional analysis of lactate transport revealed that HCEnC-21 and HCEnC-21T cells actively pump lactate across their cell membranes as evidenced by corresponding pH changes. This study is significant because it demonstrates that propagation of HCEn in vitro can be achieved through telomerase overexpression, while desired hexagonal morphology, marker gene expression, and corneal endothelial functionality are retained. Since the inability to regenerate endothelium remains a major challenge in ophthalmology, the possibility of identifying a population of HCEnCs with self-renewal competence and stimulating its growth potential in vivo could ge.