Rome P450 catalysis. J Biol Chem. 2013; 288(24):17074?7081. [PubMed: 23632017] 12. Green MT. C-H bond activation in heme proteins: The role of thiolate ligation in cytochrome P450. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2009; 13(1):84?8. [PubMed: 19345605] 13. Fasan R. Tuning P450 enzymes as oxidation catalysts. ACS Catal. 2012; 2(4):647?66. 14. De Voss JJ, Cryle MJ. Is the ferric hydroperoxy species responsible for sulfur oxidation in cytochrome P450s? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2006; 45(48):8221?223. [PubMed: 17111450]Curr Opin Chem Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 April 01.McIntosh et al.Page15. Jin S, Markris TM, Bryson TA, Sligar SG, Dawson JH. Epoxidation of olefins by hydroperoxoferric cytochrome P450. J Am Chem Soc. 2003; 125(12):3406?407. [PubMed: 12643683] 16 . Barry SM, Kers JA, Johnson EG, Song L, Aston PR, Patel B, Krasnoff SB, Crane BR, Gibson DM, Loria R, Challis GL. Cytochrome P450-catalyzed l-tryptophan nitration in thaxtomin phytotoxin biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol. 2012; 8(10):814?16. Although several nitro-containing natural products are known, none were believed to result from direct nitration. Here a P450 enzyme, TxtE, is shown to catalyze the regioselective nitration of tryptophan in vitro when supplied with nitric oxide donors. Gene disruption studies implicate a nitric oxide synthase in S28463 web biosynthesis, leading the authors to propose a NO-dependent mechanism. [PubMed: BRDU manufacturer 22941045] 17. He J, Muller M, Hertweck C. Formation of the aureothin tetrahydrofuran ring by a bifunctional cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. J Am Chem Soc. 2004; 126(51):16742?6743. [PubMed: 15612710] 18. Henrot M, Richter ME, Maddaluno J, Hertweck C, De Paolis M. Convergent asymmetric synthesis of (+)-aureothin employing an oxygenase-mediated resolution step. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012; 51(38):9587?591. [PubMed: 22807210] 19. Richter M, Busch B, Ishida K, Moore BS, Hertweck C. Pyran formation by an atypical CYPmediated four-electron oxygenation-cyclization cascade in an engineered aureothin pathway. Chem Bio Chem. 2012; 13(15):2196?199. 20? Zocher G, Richter ME, Mueller U, Hertweck C. Structural fine-tuning of a multifunctional cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. J Am Chem Soc. 2011; 133(7):2292?302. The crystal structure of tetrahydrofuran ring-forming P450 AurH is solved in substrate-free and inhibitorbound forms. Structure guided mutagenesis is used to uncover a new activity of AurH in catalyzing the successive oxidation of the methyl group normally involved in ring formation. [PubMed: 21280577] 21. Zhang Q, Li H, Li S, Zhu Y, Zhang G, Zhang H, Zhang W, Shi R, Zhang C. Carboxyl formation from methyl via triple hydroxylations by XiaM in xiamycin A biosynthesis. Org Lett. 2012; 14(24):6142?145. [PubMed: 23205935] 22. H er R, Dong L, Andre F, Ginglinger JF, Lugan R, Gavira C, Grec S, Lang G, Memelink J, Van Der Krol S, Bouwmeester H, et al. Geraniol hydroxylase and hydroxygeraniol oxidase activities of the CYP76 family of cytochrome P450 enzymes and potential for engineering the early steps of the (seco)iridoid pathway. Metab Eng. 2013 23? Bell SG, Zhou R, Yang W, Tan AB, Gentleman AS, Wong LL, Zhou W. Investigation of the substrate range of CYP199A4: Modification of the partition between hydroxylation and desaturation activities by substrate and protein engineering. Chemistry. 2012; 18(52):16677?16688. Desaturation is a relatively rare P450 reaction. Mutagenesis is used to generate an enzyme that is completely selective for desaturation over C-H bond hydroxylatio.Rome P450 catalysis. J Biol Chem. 2013; 288(24):17074?7081. [PubMed: 23632017] 12. Green MT. C-H bond activation in heme proteins: The role of thiolate ligation in cytochrome P450. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2009; 13(1):84?8. [PubMed: 19345605] 13. Fasan R. Tuning P450 enzymes as oxidation catalysts. ACS Catal. 2012; 2(4):647?66. 14. De Voss JJ, Cryle MJ. Is the ferric hydroperoxy species responsible for sulfur oxidation in cytochrome P450s? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2006; 45(48):8221?223. [PubMed: 17111450]Curr Opin Chem Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 April 01.McIntosh et al.Page15. Jin S, Markris TM, Bryson TA, Sligar SG, Dawson JH. Epoxidation of olefins by hydroperoxoferric cytochrome P450. J Am Chem Soc. 2003; 125(12):3406?407. [PubMed: 12643683] 16 . Barry SM, Kers JA, Johnson EG, Song L, Aston PR, Patel B, Krasnoff SB, Crane BR, Gibson DM, Loria R, Challis GL. Cytochrome P450-catalyzed l-tryptophan nitration in thaxtomin phytotoxin biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol. 2012; 8(10):814?16. Although several nitro-containing natural products are known, none were believed to result from direct nitration. Here a P450 enzyme, TxtE, is shown to catalyze the regioselective nitration of tryptophan in vitro when supplied with nitric oxide donors. Gene disruption studies implicate a nitric oxide synthase in biosynthesis, leading the authors to propose a NO-dependent mechanism. [PubMed: 22941045] 17. He J, Muller M, Hertweck C. Formation of the aureothin tetrahydrofuran ring by a bifunctional cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. J Am Chem Soc. 2004; 126(51):16742?6743. [PubMed: 15612710] 18. Henrot M, Richter ME, Maddaluno J, Hertweck C, De Paolis M. Convergent asymmetric synthesis of (+)-aureothin employing an oxygenase-mediated resolution step. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012; 51(38):9587?591. [PubMed: 22807210] 19. Richter M, Busch B, Ishida K, Moore BS, Hertweck C. Pyran formation by an atypical CYPmediated four-electron oxygenation-cyclization cascade in an engineered aureothin pathway. Chem Bio Chem. 2012; 13(15):2196?199. 20? Zocher G, Richter ME, Mueller U, Hertweck C. Structural fine-tuning of a multifunctional cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. J Am Chem Soc. 2011; 133(7):2292?302. The crystal structure of tetrahydrofuran ring-forming P450 AurH is solved in substrate-free and inhibitorbound forms. Structure guided mutagenesis is used to uncover a new activity of AurH in catalyzing the successive oxidation of the methyl group normally involved in ring formation. [PubMed: 21280577] 21. Zhang Q, Li H, Li S, Zhu Y, Zhang G, Zhang H, Zhang W, Shi R, Zhang C. Carboxyl formation from methyl via triple hydroxylations by XiaM in xiamycin A biosynthesis. Org Lett. 2012; 14(24):6142?145. [PubMed: 23205935] 22. H er R, Dong L, Andre F, Ginglinger JF, Lugan R, Gavira C, Grec S, Lang G, Memelink J, Van Der Krol S, Bouwmeester H, et al. Geraniol hydroxylase and hydroxygeraniol oxidase activities of the CYP76 family of cytochrome P450 enzymes and potential for engineering the early steps of the (seco)iridoid pathway. Metab Eng. 2013 23? Bell SG, Zhou R, Yang W, Tan AB, Gentleman AS, Wong LL, Zhou W. Investigation of the substrate range of CYP199A4: Modification of the partition between hydroxylation and desaturation activities by substrate and protein engineering. Chemistry. 2012; 18(52):16677?16688. Desaturation is a relatively rare P450 reaction. Mutagenesis is used to generate an enzyme that is completely selective for desaturation over C-H bond hydroxylatio.
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