Mation, e.g. [31,32], though the strong correlation of dynamic and static

Mation, e.g. [31,32], though the strong correlation of dynamic and static Sch66336MedChemExpress Lonafarnib information in these cases makes it difficult to identify which cue is more important. However, no studies have empirically investigated the relationship ALS-8176MedChemExpress ALS-8176 between dynamical and static cues in animal groups in contexts where these may provide conflicting information, and developed a methodology for isolating the primary stimuli the animals respond to in their decision-making. In this study, we investigate how social interactions and behavioural mimicry lead to decisions in the groups of humbug damselfish (Dascyllus aruanus). In particular, we examine the movements of these fish between two coral patches in an experimental arena (figure 1). We took advantage of these typical repetitive movement decisions to investigate whether individual movements between patches were influenced by the number of other fish that had crossed between patches or by those that had just crossed. As predation rates are high for small reef fish and predator attacks are more successful when fish are exposed from their refuges [33,34], deciding when it is safe to move between coral patches is particularly important. Humbug damselfish are a tropical pomacentrid fish which live in discrete social groups composed primarily of unrelated individuals [35]. Groups of these fish are stable over time and fish preferentially associate with familiar rather than unfamiliar individuals [36]. They live on branching acroporan and pocilloporan coral colonies [37,38] which they use as a refuge from predators [39]. They show strong site fidelity with respect to their home coral colony and may have multiple coral patches within their territories which fish move between, both on their own and in the groups (JE HerbertRead and AJW Ward 2011, personal communication). Fish rarely stray more than 1 m away from these home corals [40]. We investigate whether static/positional information [14,15,17], dynamic/movement information or both forms of information are more important in driving individual decisions to move. In particular, we compare our experiments with recent work by Ward et al. [41]. This study demonstrated that the probability for this species of damselfish to leave a relatively safe environment increases linearly with the number of conspecifics that have already done so, suggesting a static rule for movement decisions. However, this earlier work and the current observations are subject to the potential confounding of static and dynamic information described earlier. To account for this, here we take a Bayesian model selection approach [13,24,32,42?4] to identify the(a) proportion of time0.6 0.4 0.2(b)that could have potentially crossed (figure 5b), indicating that all fish that were on one side of the arena generally tended to cross together. Why then, were all group members not always found together? This can be explained by our model classifications in the following.rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org2.2. Model comparisons0 1 2 3 (d ) 0 1 2 3 4 If the movement of the individual fish between the two coral patches is at least partially controlled by social factors such as attraction to other individuals and leader?follower relations, then those movements should be predictable to some degree from the current positions and recent movements of the other fish. We therefore constructed models to predict these movements using a number of alternate hypotheses for those social interactions. As well as a null hypothesis.Mation, e.g. [31,32], though the strong correlation of dynamic and static information in these cases makes it difficult to identify which cue is more important. However, no studies have empirically investigated the relationship between dynamical and static cues in animal groups in contexts where these may provide conflicting information, and developed a methodology for isolating the primary stimuli the animals respond to in their decision-making. In this study, we investigate how social interactions and behavioural mimicry lead to decisions in the groups of humbug damselfish (Dascyllus aruanus). In particular, we examine the movements of these fish between two coral patches in an experimental arena (figure 1). We took advantage of these typical repetitive movement decisions to investigate whether individual movements between patches were influenced by the number of other fish that had crossed between patches or by those that had just crossed. As predation rates are high for small reef fish and predator attacks are more successful when fish are exposed from their refuges [33,34], deciding when it is safe to move between coral patches is particularly important. Humbug damselfish are a tropical pomacentrid fish which live in discrete social groups composed primarily of unrelated individuals [35]. Groups of these fish are stable over time and fish preferentially associate with familiar rather than unfamiliar individuals [36]. They live on branching acroporan and pocilloporan coral colonies [37,38] which they use as a refuge from predators [39]. They show strong site fidelity with respect to their home coral colony and may have multiple coral patches within their territories which fish move between, both on their own and in the groups (JE HerbertRead and AJW Ward 2011, personal communication). Fish rarely stray more than 1 m away from these home corals [40]. We investigate whether static/positional information [14,15,17], dynamic/movement information or both forms of information are more important in driving individual decisions to move. In particular, we compare our experiments with recent work by Ward et al. [41]. This study demonstrated that the probability for this species of damselfish to leave a relatively safe environment increases linearly with the number of conspecifics that have already done so, suggesting a static rule for movement decisions. However, this earlier work and the current observations are subject to the potential confounding of static and dynamic information described earlier. To account for this, here we take a Bayesian model selection approach [13,24,32,42?4] to identify the(a) proportion of time0.6 0.4 0.2(b)that could have potentially crossed (figure 5b), indicating that all fish that were on one side of the arena generally tended to cross together. Why then, were all group members not always found together? This can be explained by our model classifications in the following.rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org2.2. Model comparisons0 1 2 3 (d ) 0 1 2 3 4 If the movement of the individual fish between the two coral patches is at least partially controlled by social factors such as attraction to other individuals and leader?follower relations, then those movements should be predictable to some degree from the current positions and recent movements of the other fish. We therefore constructed models to predict these movements using a number of alternate hypotheses for those social interactions. As well as a null hypothesis.