Ular weight of each protein. LTR long-term repeat, Gag group-specific antigenUlar weight of each protein.

Ular weight of each protein. LTR long-term repeat, Gag group-specific antigen
Ular weight of each protein. LTR long-term repeat, Gag group-specific antigen, MA matrix protein, CA capsid domain, NC nucleocapsid, TF trans-frame protein, Pol polymerases, PR protease, RT reverse transcriptase, IN integrase, Env envelope protein, SU surface membrane protein, TM trans-membrane protein, Vif viral infectivity factor, Vpr viral protein R, Vpu viral protein U, Nef negative regulatory factor, Rev regulator of expression of viral proteins, Tat trans-activator of transcription.viral infectivity enhancing protein Cyclophilin A (CypA) [9?1], and early post entry [12]. P7 (Nucleocapsid, NC) plays important roles in the encapsulation and protection of viral RNA, promotion of viral assembly and in early post entry steps including reverse transcription [13]. P6 is important for Vpr packaging into the viral particle and virus budding from the cell membrane [14]. The Pol protein is expressed as a Gag ol fusion product since its gene lacks an initiation codon. It is subsequently cleaved by HIV-1 protease to produce MA, CA, NC, trans-frame protein (TF), viral enzymes protease (PR), PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27741243 reverse transcriptase (RT), and integrase (IN) [15]. PR cleaves the Gag and Pol precursors thus rendering the virion infectious [16]. RT is an asymmetric heterodimer with its main role to reverse transcribe viral RNA into pro-viral DNA prior to viral integration to host chromosomes [17]. Other functions of RT include RNA-directed DNA polymerase, DNA directed DNA polymerase and ribonuclease hybrid activities (RNase H) [18]. IN is active only as a tetramer and it is responsible for the integration of the linear double-stranded proviral DNA into the host cell chromosome [19]. The Env/gp160 protein is a precursor protein encoded by a spliced mRNA, which is subsequently cleaved by cellular proteases into the envelope gp120 surface membrane protein (SU) and gp41 trans-membrane protein (TM) [20]. The gp120 surface subunit harbors the N-terminal of the Gp160. It binds to cell receptors attaching virus to target cells and also regulates viral entry. Gp41 is the C-terminal 345-amino acid protein of gp160. It is also involved in the viral entry and mediation of fusion [21].In addition to the retroviral Gag, Pol, and Env proteins, HIV-l produces four accessory proteins, i.e. Nef, Vif, Vpr and Vpu, and two regulatory protein, i.e. Tat, and Rev [22]. While Tat and Rev are required for viral replication, Nef, Vif, Vpr and Vpu are dispensable for viral proliferation in many of the in vitro systems [23, 24]. However, they are often necessary for viral replication and pathogenesis PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28404814 in vivo and for many of the essential viral functions during the viral life cycle. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe) is a unicellular eukaryote of the Division Ascomycota. It is cylindrical and rounded at both ends. It reproduces meiotically by ascospores and proliferates asexually by cell division (fission). Its length and diameter are about 7?2 and 3? , respectively [25, 26]. It has a relative small genomic size of about 1.5 ?1 07 bp in the haploid state [27]. S. pombe has many of the same fundamental cellular features as larger multicellular organisms which makes it very useful in many of the molecular-biological studies [25?8]. It contains gene slicing mechanism that is able to remove introns from genes of PP58 web higher eukaryote and mammals [25, 27, 29]. Its signal-transduction system is able to transmit signals from the mating factor receptor through a G-protein-coupled sy.