Ya. 4 Department of Pharmacy and Complementary Medicine, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.Ya. 4 Department of

Ya. 4 Department of Pharmacy and Complementary Medicine, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
Ya. 4 Department of Pharmacy and Complementary Medicine, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. 5 Depart ment of Medicine, Therapeutics, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Kenyatta Uni versity, Nairobi, Kenya. 6 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. 7 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya. 8 Bomu Hospital, Mombasa, Kenya. 9 Health Challenges and Systems Program, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. 10 Depart ment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 190, Kakamega 50100, Kenya.the study. We thank Raphael Lihana for technical advice on laboratory, bioinformatic analyses and critical review of this manuscript. This research was partly funded by National Commission on Science, Technology and Innova tion (NCST/5/003/065) and Partnership for Innovative Medical Education in Kenya (NIH IR24TW008889) awards to TW and VB. Compliance with ethical guidelines Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Received: 2 March 2015 Accepted: 7 AugustAcknowledgements We thank the study participants for participating in the study. We are also grateful to staff and management of Bomu Hospital for their support duringReferences 1. UNODC PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25609842 (2014) World drug report 2014 2. Reid SR (2009) Injection drug use, unsafe medical injections, and HIV in Africa: a systematic review. Harm Reduct J 6:24 3. NASCOP, MOH (2012) MARPs surveillance report 2012. NASCOP, Nairobi 4. Hacker MA, Leite I, Friedman SR, Carrijo RG, Bastos FI (2009) Poverty, bridging between injecting drug users and the general population, and “interiorization” may explain the spread of HIV in southern Brazil. Health Place 15:514?19 5. Masur H, Michelis MA, Wormser GP, Lewin S, Gold J, Tapper ML, Giron J, Lerner CW, Armstrong D, Setia U et al (1982) Opportunistic infection in previously healthy women. Initial manifestations of a community acquired Avasimibe site cellular immunodeficiency. Ann Intern Med 97:533?39 6. Panda S, Chatterjee A, Bhattacharya SK, Manna B, Singh PN, Sarkar S, Naik TN, Chakrabarti S, Detels R (2000) Transmission of HIV from injecting drug users to their wives in India. Int J STD AIDS 11:468?73 7. NASCOP, MOH (2014) Guidelines on use use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: a rapid advice. NASCOP, Nairobi 8. WHO (2014) March 2014 supplement to the 2013 consolidated guide lines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Recommendations for a public health approach 9. Floridia M, Fragola V, Galluzzo CM, Giannini G, Pirillo MF, Andreotti M, Tomino C, Vella S (2002) HIVrelated morbidity and mortality in patients starting protease inhibitors in very advanced HIV disease (CD4 count of <50 cells/microL): an analysis of 338 clinical events from a randomized clinical trial. HIV Med 3:75?4 10. Kowalski J, Gange SJ, Schneider MF, Tsai HL, Templeton A, Shao Q, Zhang GW, Yeh MF, Young M, Markham RB (2009) Relationship of injection drug use, antiretroviral therapy resistance, and genetic diversity in the HIV1 pol gene. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 50:381?89 11. PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26780312 Ajose O, Mookerjee S, Mills EJ, Boulle A, Ford N (2012) Treatment outcomes of patients on secondline antiretroviral therapy in resource limited settings: a systematic review and metaanalysis. AIDS 26:929?38 12. Wensing AM, Calvez V, Gunthard HF, Johnson VA, Paredes R, Pi.