By the elevated level of order Bayer 41-4109 prostaglandins mediated by the elevated releaseBy the

By the elevated level of order Bayer 41-4109 prostaglandins mediated by the elevated release
By the elevated level of prostaglandins mediated by the elevated release of leukotrienes and bradykinin. During this phase the cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandins which is a key factor of inflammation maintenance. In this experiment carrageenan induced edema in the hind paw of rats was inhibited by all the extracts. EDH PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25681438 significantly inhibited the edema formation; 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after the injection of carrageenan in the hind paw of rats. These results indicated that the phyto-constituents present in EDH inhibited the inflammatory mediators of the initial as well as late phase of inflammation induced with carrageenan. The other extracts however, more effectively inhibited the edema during the initial phase. Steroids are established antiinflammatory agents which inhibit the production of prostaglandin not only by inducing the biosynthesis of phospholipase A2 inhibitor but also by raising the level of cyclo-oxygenase/PGE isomerase [54?6]. In the present investigation GC-MS analysis of EDH revealed the existence of stigmasta-5, 22-dien-3-ol, (3?22E)(CAS); a phytosterol possesses strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties probably contributing towards the anti-inflammatory properties of EDH [57, 58]. The standard drug also exhibited the strong anti-inflammatory potential after 2, 3 and 4 h of carrageenan injection to rats. Diclofenac sodium like other NSAIDs targets the COX-2 enzyme thereby inhibiting the formation of the paw edema. The anti-inflammatory results obtained with EDH in both phases might be attributed by the counteraction of anti-inflammatory agents such as sterols and terpenoids [59]. The anti-inflammatory effects obtained by the polar extracts; EDE, EDA, EDEW and EDM during the initial phase might be attributed by the presence of flavonoids (rutin, catechin, caffeic acid and myricetin) and other constituents. Anti-inflammatory activities of rutin, catechin and caffeic acid have been well documented [60]. Ourstudies are in consensus with [60] and [61, 62] who generated the same anti-inflammatory results of Acacia hydaspica and Boerhavia procumbens in rats. Thermal nociception models such as, hot plate test was used to evaluate the central analgesic activity. In this study all the extracts of E. dracunculoides showed analgesic PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27196668 effect in the hot plate test. EDH exhibited the best potent analgesic activity among the extracts with 74.309 ?5.864 inhibition of pain sensation followed by EDE (61.811 ?4.528 ) in comparison to morphine (78.889 ?5.853 ) after 60 min of drug administration. Morphine induces analgesic effect through activation of opioid receptors and the apparent similarity between the results of extracts with standard morphine, indicates that they might work in a same manner to reduce pain sensation. The presence of steroids in EDH might induce the biosynthesis of phospholipase A2 inhibitor and cyclooxygenase/PGE isomerase which in turn inhibits the pain producing prostaglandins. Our results are in agreements to the findings of Mondal et al. [63] evaluating Alternanthera sessilis as analgesic agent. Backhouse et al. [64] also reported the same results while evaluating Buddleja globosa as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.Conclusion The present results suggest that the flavonoids in E. dracunculoides might be the key players in scavenging of oxidative stress inducing species while flavonoids along with sterols and terpenoids alleviate the inflammation and pain inducing m.