Ment of requirements for the Ph.D. Degree to V.A.S. from the Irell and Manella Graduate

Ment of requirements for the Ph.D. Degree to V.A.S. from the Irell and Manella Graduate College of Biological Sciences with the Beckman Study Institute on the City of Hope. We thank Parijat Senapati (Division of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Study Institute) and Erli Zhang (Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Illnesses, Beijing China) for their beneficial help. We are grateful to Jeffrey S. Isenberg for his support with the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
agronomyArticleEffect of Substrate Flow Rate on nutrient Uptake and Use Efficiency in Hydroponically Grown Swiss Chard (Beta DMT-dC(ac) Phosphoramidite Formula vulgaris L. ssp. cicla `Seiyou Shirokuki’)Bateer Baiyin 1 , Kotaro Tagawa 2, , Mina Yamada two , Xinyan Wang 3 , Satoshi Yamada two , Sadahiro Yamamoto 2 and Yasuomi IbarakiUnited Graduate College of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan; [email protected] Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; [email protected] (M.Y.); [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (S.Y.) Graduate College of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan; [email protected] Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; [email protected] Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-857-31-Citation: Baiyin, B.; Tagawa, K.; Yamada, M.; Wang, X.; Yamada, S.; Yamamoto, S.; Ibaraki, Y. Impact of Substrate Flow Price on Nutrient Uptake and Use Efficiency in Hydroponically Grown Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. cicla `Seiyou Shirokuki’). Agronomy 2021, 11, 2050. https://doi.org/10.3390/ agronomy11102050 Academic Editors: Georgia Ntatsi and Damianos Neocleous Received: 11 September 2021 Tetradecyltrimethylammonium Formula Accepted: 9 October 2021 Published: 13 OctoberAbstract: Unlike in soil culture, a substrate (nutrient remedy) inside a hydroponics program can flow, and this could affect both nutrient uptake and plant development. Within this study, we hydroponically cultivated Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. cicla) below distinct flow prices to analyze alterations inside the growth, nutrient uptake, and nutrient use efficiency. When the flow rate was intensified from 2 to 4 L/min, leaf region, the fresh weight, dry weight, and root length increased. Nevertheless, when the flow rate was improved from 4 to 8 L/min, values of these growth parameters decreased. The nutrient uptake had a comparable trend relative to the development parameters and nutrient use efficiency of macronutrient elements, enhanced because the flow rate increased. This indicates that the flow price affects plant growth by influencing the nutrient uptake, and a rise inside the flow rate can aid in improving nutrient use efficiency. In hydroponics, regulating the flow rate at a affordable volume is encouraged to increase yield by enhancing nutrient use efficiency, but as well intensive a flow price may possibly cause excessive physical stimulation to plants and inhibit their growth. For that reason, it is important to pick an appropriate substrate flow price for optimal hydroponics production. Keywords and phrases: hydroponics; flow price; nutrient uptake; nutrient utilization efficiency; nutrition management; plant development; controlled atmosphere agriculture; artificial light cultivation; nutrient option; dryland agriculturePublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.1. Introduction Drought and soil degrad.