Endotoxin. J Immunol 1999; 162:6971. 11 Yoshimura A, Lien E, Ingalls RR, Tuomanen E

Endotoxin. J Immunol 1999; 162:6971. 11 Yoshimura A, Lien E, Ingalls RR, Tuomanen E, Dziarski R, Golenbock D. Cutting edge: recognition of Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components by the innate immune technique occurs via Toll-like receptor 2. J Immunol 1999; 163:1. 12 Matsuguchi T, Musikacharoen T, Ogawa T, Yoshikai Y. Gene expressions of Toll-like receptor two, but not Toll-like receptor 4, is induced by LPS and inflammatory cytokines in mouse macrophages. J Immunol 2000; 165:57672. 13 Werts C, Tapping RI, Mathison JC et al. Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide activates cells through a TLR2-dependent mechanism. Nat Immunol 2001; two:3462. 14 Hirschfeld M, Weis JJ, Toshchakov V et al. Signaling by toll-like receptor 2 SN , 4 agonists outcomes in differential gene expression in murine macrophages. Infect Immun 2001; 69:14772. 15 Hirschfeld M, Ma Y, Weis JH, Vogel SN, Weis JJ. Cutting edge: repurification of lipopolysaccharide eliminates signaling through each human and murine toll-like receptor two. J Immunol 2000; 165:6182. 16 Cao X, Zhang W, He L et al. Lymphotactin gene-modified bone marrow dendritic cells act as much more potent adjuvants for peptide delivery to induce precise antitumor immunity. J Immunol 1998; 161:623844. 17 Arrighi JF, Rebsamen M, Rousset F, Kindler V, HauSeries C. A vital function for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inside the maturation of human blood-derived dendritic cells induced by lipopolysaccharide, TNF-alpha, and contact sensitizers. J Immunol 2001; 166:383745. 18 Dziarski R, Wang Q, Miyake K, Kirschning CJ, Gupta D.Isosulfan blue MD-2 enables Toll-like receptor two (TLR2)-mediated responses to lipopolysaccharide and enhances TLR2-mediated responses to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall elements.Tadalafil J Immunol 2001; 166:193844. 19 da Silva CJ, Soldau K, Christen U, Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ. Lipopolysaccharide is in close proximity to each from the proteins in its membrane receptor complicated. Transfer from CD14 to TLR4 and MD-2. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:211295. 20 Lin Y, Lee H, Berg AH, Lisanti MP, Shapiro L, Scherer PE. The lipopolysaccharide-activated toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 induces synthesis of your closely connected receptor TLR-2 in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:242553. 21 Matsumura T, Ito A, Takii T, Hayashi H, Onozaki K. Endotoxin and cytokine regulation of toll-like receptor (TLR)two and TLR4 gene expression in murine liver and hepatocytes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2000; 20:9151.TLR4 is completely activated by LPS at about 10 ng/ml.PMID:24059181 27 These outcomes suggest that TLRs and their corresponding agonists may perhaps interact with distinct affinity. Alternatively, TLRs are saturated by agonists at distinct concentrations. Recently, many reports have indicated that LPS signalling differed from other TLR-mediated signalling pathways. As well as the frequently made use of MyD88-dependent signalling pathways, LPS, but not CpG, could activate NF-kB and mitogen-activated protein kinases by means of a Toll L-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adapter protein (TIRAP).28,29 Moreover, it was reported that LPS could also be recognized by a CD14-independent receptor cluster.30 Differential expression and signal pathways of person TLR might result in different biological responses. Fully understanding the signalling pathways of LPS as well as of other TLR agonists may well assistance us to get an insight into the differential expression and regulation of TLRs. In summary, we investigated LPS-induced regulation of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 expression in mouse i.