D countries, the global prevalence of this special patient category is

D countries, the global prevalence of this special patient category is fortunately still low, i.e. in the USA 2.8 of men and 6.9 of women are affected [40] and especially in France, where it affects 1.1 of all adults [41]. Moreover among this special patient category, few are scheduled for bariatric surgery. Consequently, the number of subjects able 25033180 to be included in the study was limited. The limited sample size could explain that no differences in the levels of adipokines and inflammatory mediators reached statistical significance between obese patients with severe periodontitis and those with mild to moderate disease. Last, the impact of socioeconomic status respectively on obesity [42] and onperiodontitis [43] is now well documented, and we cannot exclude the possibility that socioeconomic inequalities could influence periodontitis susceptibility in obese subjects. The conclusions of our study support the hypothesis that localized persistent infection may influence systemic levels of inflammatory mediators. Periodontal infection could aggravate the inflammatory state of the morbidly obese patient by increasing the plasma levels of orosomucoid and contribute to the development of obesity-related morbidity, such as atherosclerosis [44]. More evidence is required to evaluate the association between periodontal diseases, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Since this study should be considered as preliminary, the consistency of the association might be explored in other clinical studies monitoring the common inflammatory mediators (CRP, Il 6, adiponectin, leptin), including orosomucoid, in obese patients and in non-obese controls with and without diabetes. In preventive clinical practice, a comprehensive periodontal and dental examination could be included in the follow-up of morbidly obese patients.AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank Pr Arnaud Basdevant for his advice in the manuscript revision and Dr Florence Marchelli and Patricia Ancel who were involved in data collection and sampling at the Center for Research on Human Nutrition, Pitie-Salpetriere NT 157 web Hospital, ?^ ` Paris. We are also grateful to Dr Mary Osborne-Pellegrin (INSERM U698, Bichat Hospital, Paris) for help in order 4EGI-1 editing the manuscript.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: PB C. Chaussain CP HR. Performed the experiments: HR JML C. Ciangura. Analyzed the data: AB SK SC PB HR OM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JML CP C. Chaussain PB SC OM. Wrote the paper: HR CP AB PB.
Splice-site selection in higher eukaryotes depends on multiple parameters such as splice-site strength, presence or absence of activating and inhibitory regulatory elements, RNA secondary structure, and gene architecture [1]. The relative contribution of each of these components controls how efficiently splice sites are recognized and flanking introns are removed. In particular, every exon has its specific set of identity elements that permit its recognition by the spliceosome, a “splicing code” that precisely defines the overall binding affinity for the splicing machinery [2,3]. While the first layer of this code, namely the consensus splice sites, is relatively easy to identify, the additional layers are composed of highly degenerated signals that act in a complex combinatorial way and are much more difficult to decipher. Indeed, an array of diverse intronic and exonic splicing enhancers (ISEs and ESEs) and silencers (ESSs and ISSs) serve as binding sites for specific tran.D countries, the global prevalence of this special patient category is fortunately still low, i.e. in the USA 2.8 of men and 6.9 of women are affected [40] and especially in France, where it affects 1.1 of all adults [41]. Moreover among this special patient category, few are scheduled for bariatric surgery. Consequently, the number of subjects able 25033180 to be included in the study was limited. The limited sample size could explain that no differences in the levels of adipokines and inflammatory mediators reached statistical significance between obese patients with severe periodontitis and those with mild to moderate disease. Last, the impact of socioeconomic status respectively on obesity [42] and onperiodontitis [43] is now well documented, and we cannot exclude the possibility that socioeconomic inequalities could influence periodontitis susceptibility in obese subjects. The conclusions of our study support the hypothesis that localized persistent infection may influence systemic levels of inflammatory mediators. Periodontal infection could aggravate the inflammatory state of the morbidly obese patient by increasing the plasma levels of orosomucoid and contribute to the development of obesity-related morbidity, such as atherosclerosis [44]. More evidence is required to evaluate the association between periodontal diseases, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Since this study should be considered as preliminary, the consistency of the association might be explored in other clinical studies monitoring the common inflammatory mediators (CRP, Il 6, adiponectin, leptin), including orosomucoid, in obese patients and in non-obese controls with and without diabetes. In preventive clinical practice, a comprehensive periodontal and dental examination could be included in the follow-up of morbidly obese patients.AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank Pr Arnaud Basdevant for his advice in the manuscript revision and Dr Florence Marchelli and Patricia Ancel who were involved in data collection and sampling at the Center for Research on Human Nutrition, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, ?^ ` Paris. We are also grateful to Dr Mary Osborne-Pellegrin (INSERM U698, Bichat Hospital, Paris) for help in editing the manuscript.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: PB C. Chaussain CP HR. Performed the experiments: HR JML C. Ciangura. Analyzed the data: AB SK SC PB HR OM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JML CP C. Chaussain PB SC OM. Wrote the paper: HR CP AB PB.
Splice-site selection in higher eukaryotes depends on multiple parameters such as splice-site strength, presence or absence of activating and inhibitory regulatory elements, RNA secondary structure, and gene architecture [1]. The relative contribution of each of these components controls how efficiently splice sites are recognized and flanking introns are removed. In particular, every exon has its specific set of identity elements that permit its recognition by the spliceosome, a “splicing code” that precisely defines the overall binding affinity for the splicing machinery [2,3]. While the first layer of this code, namely the consensus splice sites, is relatively easy to identify, the additional layers are composed of highly degenerated signals that act in a complex combinatorial way and are much more difficult to decipher. Indeed, an array of diverse intronic and exonic splicing enhancers (ISEs and ESEs) and silencers (ESSs and ISSs) serve as binding sites for specific tran.