Interestingly, an earlier study6 also reported contrasting effects in the non-cancerous cell line RPE1

. It is likely that swift concentration and activation is important for feedback regulation of get Zotarolimus centromeric Aurora B activity on short timescales, such as in response to KT-MT attachment status. In contrast, although H3T3ph-dependent localization of Aurora B can increase the rate of H3S10 phosphorylation, this predominantly centromeric Aurora B population may not be strictly necessary for generating H3S10ph on chromosome arms. In fact, when Haspin is inhibited in Aurora B reactivation assays, Aurora B autophosphorylation and H3S10ph return in a diffuse manner that is not first focused at centromeres. This suggests that not all CPC functions require centromeric concentration for activation, nor a soluble gradient of Aurora B activity originating at centromeres. If this were the case, we might expect H3S10ph on arms, at the base of such a gradient, to be particularly sensitive to loss of centromeric CPC, but this is not the case. This suggests that, when largely diffuse on chromatin, the CPC can still reach a concentration sufficient to activate Aurora B for H3S10 phosphorylation. Presumably, the population of Aurora B found prominently on chromosome arms in prophase cells contributes directly to H3S10 phosphorylation. It is likely that different target sites phosphorylated by Aurora B have different susceptibilities to Aurora B and opposing phosphatases due both to site-intrinsic features, such as binding affinity, and extrinsic factors, such as substrate abundance. H3S10 appears to be an “easy” substrate for Aurora B to phosphorylate 264 JCB VOLUME 199 NUMBER 2 2012 in cells. Thresholds of this type regulate cell cycle events at the cellular level, but are also likely to be crucial for regional regulation of substrate phosphorylation on a local scale. Aurora B clearly influences spindle checkpoint responses, although the mechanisms involved have been debated. We find that, like Aurora inhibitors, Haspin inhibitors or PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833188 microinjection of H3T3ph antibodies compromise maintenance of mitotic arrest when microtubules are severely disrupted. This suggests that the H3T3ph-dependent population of the CPC is required for this activity of Aurora B. This provides support for the idea that Aurora B contributes to generation of the checkpoint response separately from its role in modulating KT-MT attachments, and reduces the concern that off-target effects of Aurora inhibitors were responsible for the effects observed in prior studies. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that Haspin inhibition or anti-H3T3ph microinjection also affects another population of the CPC or another component of the checkpoint pathway, we find that the effects of Haspin inhibitors can be partially reversed by retargeting Aurora B to centromeres with CENP-BINCENP. Our results therefore suggest that the spindle checkpoint involves centromeric CPC. Whether the relevant substrates are within “striking distance” of Aurora B bound to centromeres or depend on a gradient of diffusible Aurora B activity centered on centromeres requires further study. Because the CPC can act as a tension sensor, it remains possible that Aurora B in the checkpoint pathway responds to tension, but it should be noted that our results do not imply that the checkpoint must necessarily be directly responsive to tension. Previous studies using Haspin RNAi failed to reveal strong effects on CENP-AS7ph or spindle checkpoint responses in nocodazole, which suggests that Haspin was incompletely depleted in