Ur results indicated that the statistical significance of most CpG units

Ur results indicated that the statistical significance of most CpG units showed no obvious difference after the correction except for unit 2 and unit 36 in LEP gene (Table S3).Luciferase Analysis of DNA Methylation and Transcriptional Activity of LEPTo identify the effect of DNA methylation on the transcriptional activity of LEP promoter in placenta, the region (2279_+84bp) placed 59 adjacent to the reporter luciferase gene was in vitro methylated to further analyze its transcriptional activity in both JEG-3 and HEK293 cells. Methylation of CpG site within the CEBPa binding site participated in the down-regulation of LEP expression in adipose cells [34]. Hence, in our study, we cotransfected the cells with the target plasmids LEP-pGL3 or LEP (methy)-pGL3 and an expression vector pcDNA-CEBPa. Consistent with our expectation, the relative light unit of Madrasin web CpGUpregulation and Hypomethylation of Genes in PEFigure 5. Luciferase reporter analysis of the transfection in cell lines. (A) Luciferase activity of LEP-pGL3 and in vitro methylated LEP (methy)pGL3 constructs in JEG-3 cells; (B) Luciferase activity of LEP-pGL3 and in vitro methylated LEP (methy)-pGL3 constructs in HEK293 cells. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059753.gDNA methylase M.SssI methylated construct showed a striking decrease compared with that in untreated construct in both cell lines (the relative light unit is 1.04, 171.16 in JEG-3 cells respectively, p = 8.0361026, Figure 5a; the relative light unit is 0.08, 4.64 in HEK293 cells respectively, p = 6.2161027, Figure 5b). In addition, the relative light unit of transfection containing expression vector pcDNA-CEBPa is significantly stronger than that with LEP-pGL3 construct only (the relative light unit is 171.16 and 18.46 respectively, p = 1.2461025, Figure 5a; the relative light unit is 4.64, 0.39 in HEK293 cells respectively, p = 1.3461025, Figure 5b), which indicated that the transcription factor CEBPa is also necessary for the transcription of LEP in placental cells.DiscussionIn the present study, we applied gene expression microarray analysis to PE and control groups to search the candidate genes for following DNA methylation analysis. To control the maternal age and body mass index of pregnancies, the sample size used in the expression profile is small (5 placentas with PE and 7 controls), which might contribute to so many differentially expressed genes. However, among the differentially expressed genes, our current study and previous microarray 15755315 analysis share a series of common genes listed in supplementary material Table S2. The homogeneity identified in our study suggested the effectiveness of our microarray analysis and the value to take further research. Based on the bioinformatics analysis, significantly enriched gene sets and pathways, including cell adhesion, immune response and pathways in cancer were identified through gene ontology (GO) database (Figure 1b) and KEGG database. They functionally suggested that the disease was heterogeneous and multi-factorial, that previous mentioned purchase SPDB pathogenic theories such as the immune maladaptation between the mother and the fetus [7,8] and the impaired invasionof the extravillous trophoblast [35] are contributive to the occurrence of PE. It is widely accepted that promoter DNA methylation plays a role in the regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells and is considered as an important contributor to disease states [36]. Among the genes with expression difference, LEP showed si.Ur results indicated that the statistical significance of most CpG units showed no obvious difference after the correction except for unit 2 and unit 36 in LEP gene (Table S3).Luciferase Analysis of DNA Methylation and Transcriptional Activity of LEPTo identify the effect of DNA methylation on the transcriptional activity of LEP promoter in placenta, the region (2279_+84bp) placed 59 adjacent to the reporter luciferase gene was in vitro methylated to further analyze its transcriptional activity in both JEG-3 and HEK293 cells. Methylation of CpG site within the CEBPa binding site participated in the down-regulation of LEP expression in adipose cells [34]. Hence, in our study, we cotransfected the cells with the target plasmids LEP-pGL3 or LEP (methy)-pGL3 and an expression vector pcDNA-CEBPa. Consistent with our expectation, the relative light unit of CpGUpregulation and Hypomethylation of Genes in PEFigure 5. Luciferase reporter analysis of the transfection in cell lines. (A) Luciferase activity of LEP-pGL3 and in vitro methylated LEP (methy)pGL3 constructs in JEG-3 cells; (B) Luciferase activity of LEP-pGL3 and in vitro methylated LEP (methy)-pGL3 constructs in HEK293 cells. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059753.gDNA methylase M.SssI methylated construct showed a striking decrease compared with that in untreated construct in both cell lines (the relative light unit is 1.04, 171.16 in JEG-3 cells respectively, p = 8.0361026, Figure 5a; the relative light unit is 0.08, 4.64 in HEK293 cells respectively, p = 6.2161027, Figure 5b). In addition, the relative light unit of transfection containing expression vector pcDNA-CEBPa is significantly stronger than that with LEP-pGL3 construct only (the relative light unit is 171.16 and 18.46 respectively, p = 1.2461025, Figure 5a; the relative light unit is 4.64, 0.39 in HEK293 cells respectively, p = 1.3461025, Figure 5b), which indicated that the transcription factor CEBPa is also necessary for the transcription of LEP in placental cells.DiscussionIn the present study, we applied gene expression microarray analysis to PE and control groups to search the candidate genes for following DNA methylation analysis. To control the maternal age and body mass index of pregnancies, the sample size used in the expression profile is small (5 placentas with PE and 7 controls), which might contribute to so many differentially expressed genes. However, among the differentially expressed genes, our current study and previous microarray 15755315 analysis share a series of common genes listed in supplementary material Table S2. The homogeneity identified in our study suggested the effectiveness of our microarray analysis and the value to take further research. Based on the bioinformatics analysis, significantly enriched gene sets and pathways, including cell adhesion, immune response and pathways in cancer were identified through gene ontology (GO) database (Figure 1b) and KEGG database. They functionally suggested that the disease was heterogeneous and multi-factorial, that previous mentioned pathogenic theories such as the immune maladaptation between the mother and the fetus [7,8] and the impaired invasionof the extravillous trophoblast [35] are contributive to the occurrence of PE. It is widely accepted that promoter DNA methylation plays a role in the regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells and is considered as an important contributor to disease states [36]. Among the genes with expression difference, LEP showed si.