Nhouse gas (GHG) emissions are the leading cause of increasing global temperatures and anthropogenic climate

Nhouse gas (GHG) emissions are the leading cause of increasing global temperatures and anthropogenic climate modify, and of these GHG emissions, carbon dioxide may be the most important contributor [1]. It can be estimated that there has been a 48 improve in atmospheric carbon dioxide since the Industrial Revolution started over 250 years ago [1]. In 2021, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Modify (IPCC) [2] reported on additional evidence that emissions from human activities are responsible for increased global surface temperatures. Globally, energy in the kind of electrical energy, heat, and transport accounts for more than 70 of GHG emissions [3]. To fulfill the United Nation’s ambition of limiting international warming to 1.five degrees Celsius, there will must be a 45 IWP-12 Inhibitor Reduction in global carbon dioxide emissions from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching net zero around 2050 [4]. In Australia, the combustion of fuels for electricity and industrial processes accounted for 53 of total GHG emissions in 2020, with a additional 17 of emissions coming from transport fuel combustion [5]. In Queensland, 13 of total GHG emissions is usually attributed to transport [6]. Australia is often a fossil-fuel-rich country that has experienced a extremely politicized debate over several decades. Nonetheless, commitments to international agreements, such asPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Copyright: 2021 by the Oxotremorine sesquifumarate Description authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is definitely an open access post distributed beneath the terms and situations from the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (licenses/by/ four.0/).Forests 2021, 12, 1570. 10.3390/fmdpi/journal/forestsForests 2021, 12,two ofthe 2015 Paris Agreement where Australia committed to an emissions reduction target of 26 to 28 beneath 2005 levels by 2030 [7], and international conversations about reaching net zero emissions by 2050, have motivated the national debate about minimizing fossil fuel combustion. Bioenergy is energy generated from biomass. It is the oldest source of energy for humankind and is gaining renewed interest as nations seek to move away from fossil fuels [8]. Bioenergy generated from sustainably sourced feedstocks is expected to play a role in climate modify mitigation in the coming decades [9]. In 2019, about 6.four of Australia’s energy consumption was from renewables, with about half of this getting bioenergy [10], compared to 19.7 in Europe [11] and 11.3 globally (in 2018) [12]. Demand for bioenergy in Australia is expected to develop more than the coming decades, contributing 20 or more of total electricity and transport fuels [13,14]. Initiatives to market sustainable and renewable energies and emission reductions exist at each the national and state level. Under the Australian Government’s Renewable Energy Target (RET) scheme, electrical energy providers are expected to meet regulated renewable power obligations [15]. The Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF) offers financial incentives for emission reduction technologies through the governmental purchase of carbon credits, which can also be traded [16]. The State of Queensland has made specific commitments to biofuels and bioproducts via its Biofutures 10-Year Roadmap and Action Strategy, worth AUD 1 billion by 2026 [17], including the development in the AUD 16 million Advanced Biofuels Pilot Plant at Gladstone, Australia by Southern Oil Refining Pty Ltd., turning residues into aviation as well as other heavy industry fuels [.