Ted as mean ratio 6 SEM. (B-C) Interferon c (IFNc), tumor necrosis

Ted as mean ratio 6 SEM. (B-C) Interferon c (IFNc), tumor necrosis factor a (TNF), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were measured by ELISA in diluted plasma samples from groups of three mice injected with MSSA (B), or with 20 mg LPS (C). ELISA results are given as mean 6 SEM from three experiments. *p,0.05, Mann-Whitney test between the 2 groups. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054589.g(Life technologies, Saint Aubin, France) containing 10 FCS (PAA, les Mureaux, France), 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 UI/ml penicillin, 100 mg/ml streptomycin, and for THP1 1 mM sodium pyruvate (all from Life Technologies). Stable THP1 cell lines expressing human IL4I1 (THP1-IL4I1) were obtained as described in purchase Cucurbitacin I Marquet et al [2]. Stable HEK cell lines expressing murine IL4I1 (HEK-mIL4I1) were obtained as described in Boulland et al [3]. Other media used were DMEM/F12 (1:1) without Phe and Trp (Clinisciences, Montrouge, France). Phe and Trp from Clinisciences were used at concentrations starting from those found in RPMI 1640. Glutathione, HEPES, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and phenylpyruvate were from Sigma Aldrich (Lyon, France), and ammonia (NH3) from Honeywell Riedel-de Haen (Seelze, Germany). PBS, Amplex Ultra Red and LB agar ?were obtained from Life Technologies.Enzymatic Activity MeasurementIL4I1 activity was measured in conditioned medium from THP1, THP1-IL4I1, HEK and HEK-mIL4I1. The enzymatic assay was performed as described in Carbonnelle-Puscian et al. [15] using Amplex Ultra Red and expressed as pmol H2O2 produced in the presence of Phe per hour per ml of conditioned medium.Determination of Bacterial GrowthFor the analysis of bacterial growth in conditioned medium, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and E. coli B2599 (Phe auxotroph bacteria) from Life Technologies and ASAP (A Systematic Annotation Package for community analysis of genomes, University of Wisconsin), respectively, were used. Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS) were obtained from routine diagnostic specimens. Bacteria were grown on LB agar. For use in experiments, 24 hours old bacterial colonies were picked and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor 1 web resuspended in 100 ml of PBS. Bacteria were serially diluted 1/20 in conditioned medium (10 ml in 200 ml final, in 96-well flat bottom plates). After incubation for 24 hours, bacterial growth was monitored using a microplate spectrometer (Optima Fluostar, BMG Labtech, Champigny, France) by measuring the optical density (OD) at 595 nm [16]. All the experiments were analysed on these serial dilutions, allowing the selection of the dilution still containing at 24 h bacteria in the growth phase for the control (OD595 usually from 0.3 to 0.5). The corresponding bacterial content in CFU/ml was measured by serial dilution plating on LB agar and colony counting. For an OD of 0.3, the CFU content per ml was 9.96107 for E. coli, 14.06107 for B2599, 69.56107 for MSSA, 26.06107 for CNS.Preparation of Conditioned MediumTHP1 and THP1-IL4I1 were cultured in DMEM/F12 containing 1 FCS (0.56106cells/ml) for 2 days and the supernatants used as culture medium for bacteria, in the presence or absence of additional Phe (0.5 mg/ml) and Trp (0.5 mg/ml), glutathione (64 mg/ml) and HEPES (15 mM). HEK-mIL4I1 and HEK transfected with the empty vector were cultured in PBS with calcium and magnesium for 24 hours and the resulting supernatants were used for mouse 26001275 injections (conditioned PBS from HEK cells defined HEK-PBS and conditioned PBS from HEKmIL4.Ted as mean ratio 6 SEM. (B-C) Interferon c (IFNc), tumor necrosis factor a (TNF), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were measured by ELISA in diluted plasma samples from groups of three mice injected with MSSA (B), or with 20 mg LPS (C). ELISA results are given as mean 6 SEM from three experiments. *p,0.05, Mann-Whitney test between the 2 groups. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054589.g(Life technologies, Saint Aubin, France) containing 10 FCS (PAA, les Mureaux, France), 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 UI/ml penicillin, 100 mg/ml streptomycin, and for THP1 1 mM sodium pyruvate (all from Life Technologies). Stable THP1 cell lines expressing human IL4I1 (THP1-IL4I1) were obtained as described in Marquet et al [2]. Stable HEK cell lines expressing murine IL4I1 (HEK-mIL4I1) were obtained as described in Boulland et al [3]. Other media used were DMEM/F12 (1:1) without Phe and Trp (Clinisciences, Montrouge, France). Phe and Trp from Clinisciences were used at concentrations starting from those found in RPMI 1640. Glutathione, HEPES, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and phenylpyruvate were from Sigma Aldrich (Lyon, France), and ammonia (NH3) from Honeywell Riedel-de Haen (Seelze, Germany). PBS, Amplex Ultra Red and LB agar ?were obtained from Life Technologies.Enzymatic Activity MeasurementIL4I1 activity was measured in conditioned medium from THP1, THP1-IL4I1, HEK and HEK-mIL4I1. The enzymatic assay was performed as described in Carbonnelle-Puscian et al. [15] using Amplex Ultra Red and expressed as pmol H2O2 produced in the presence of Phe per hour per ml of conditioned medium.Determination of Bacterial GrowthFor the analysis of bacterial growth in conditioned medium, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and E. coli B2599 (Phe auxotroph bacteria) from Life Technologies and ASAP (A Systematic Annotation Package for community analysis of genomes, University of Wisconsin), respectively, were used. Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS) were obtained from routine diagnostic specimens. Bacteria were grown on LB agar. For use in experiments, 24 hours old bacterial colonies were picked and resuspended in 100 ml of PBS. Bacteria were serially diluted 1/20 in conditioned medium (10 ml in 200 ml final, in 96-well flat bottom plates). After incubation for 24 hours, bacterial growth was monitored using a microplate spectrometer (Optima Fluostar, BMG Labtech, Champigny, France) by measuring the optical density (OD) at 595 nm [16]. All the experiments were analysed on these serial dilutions, allowing the selection of the dilution still containing at 24 h bacteria in the growth phase for the control (OD595 usually from 0.3 to 0.5). The corresponding bacterial content in CFU/ml was measured by serial dilution plating on LB agar and colony counting. For an OD of 0.3, the CFU content per ml was 9.96107 for E. coli, 14.06107 for B2599, 69.56107 for MSSA, 26.06107 for CNS.Preparation of Conditioned MediumTHP1 and THP1-IL4I1 were cultured in DMEM/F12 containing 1 FCS (0.56106cells/ml) for 2 days and the supernatants used as culture medium for bacteria, in the presence or absence of additional Phe (0.5 mg/ml) and Trp (0.5 mg/ml), glutathione (64 mg/ml) and HEPES (15 mM). HEK-mIL4I1 and HEK transfected with the empty vector were cultured in PBS with calcium and magnesium for 24 hours and the resulting supernatants were used for mouse 26001275 injections (conditioned PBS from HEK cells defined HEK-PBS and conditioned PBS from HEKmIL4.