Production was measured by intracellular flow cytometry. The data are expressed

Production was measured by intracellular flow cytometry. The data are expressed as mean+/2 SEM. All samples were tested in triplicate. Statistical significance was measured by Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test. *p,0.05, **p,0.01, ***p,0.001 (C) Representative examples of two-color flow cytometry plots comparing IFNc staining on CD335+ cells. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.Fruquintinib web 0050546.gAs such, we tested if oenothein B treatment of bovine lymphocytes enhanced responses to the IFNc-inducing cytokine, IL-18. We also tested several well-studied polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, curcumin, and 1531364 theaflavin digallate (TFDG), all of which are potent antioxidents, to determine if such a response 23115181 was a common property of polyphenols. When oenothein B reated cells were subsequently treated with suboptimal doses of IL-18, IFNc production was greatly enhanced compared to IL-18 or oenothein B alone (Figure 3). These data suggested that oenothein B could prime immune cells for enhanced IFNc production in response to lowdoses of IL-18. Resveratrol and curcumin did not enhance IFNc production in response to IL-18, but rather appeared to suppress the response, which would be consistent with previous studies describing their immunosuppressive properties [39], [40]. Both EGCG and TFDG enhanced IFNc production in response to IL-18 in one of the calves tested, but their effect was not as consistent or as robust as oenothein B. The level of priming by oenothein B and the amount of IFNc produced varied between animals. It is likely that these observed differences between the three calves were due to animal-specific responses to oenothein B, as our preliminary studies with IL-2Ra suggested thatStimulation of Lymphocytes by Oenothein BFigure 5. IFNc production by human lymphocytes in response to oenothein B. (A) Human PBMCs (105 cells/well) were treated with the indicated concentrations of oenothein B or X-VIVO CI 1011 medium alone for 48 hrs, and soluble IFNc levels in supernatant fluids were measured by ELISA. The graph represents data from ten individuals, with each sample plated in triplicate. Statistical significance was measured by One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test. *p,0.05, **p,0.01, ***p,0.001 (B) Human PBMCs (105 cells/well) were treated with oenothein B or X-VIVO medium alone for 6 hrs in the presence of brefeldin A. The percent of total CD3+ T cells, cd T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells positive for IFNc staining was then determined by flow cytometry. The graphs represent data for five individuals, with each treatment analyzed in triplicate. Statistical significance was determined by paired Student’s t-test. *p,0.05, **p,0.01, ***p,0.001 (C) Representative examples of two-color flow cytometry plots comparing IFNc staining on oenothein B-treated and untreated human lymphocytes. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050546.gPBMCs from individual calves can respond differently to oenothein B. Based on these results, we focused our subsequent studies on oenothein B and its effect on IFNc production.Presence of CD335+ Cells is Essential for Oenothein B Priming to IL-After observing enhanced IFNc production by bovine cells pretreated with oenothein B, we then determined which cells were important for this response. Since oenothein B has been shown to be a potent monocyte agonist, we first examined if these cells were essential for the priming responses. Monocytes were removed by flow cytometric sorting, and the priming response was again evaluated. P.Production was measured by intracellular flow cytometry. The data are expressed as mean+/2 SEM. All samples were tested in triplicate. Statistical significance was measured by Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test. *p,0.05, **p,0.01, ***p,0.001 (C) Representative examples of two-color flow cytometry plots comparing IFNc staining on CD335+ cells. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050546.gAs such, we tested if oenothein B treatment of bovine lymphocytes enhanced responses to the IFNc-inducing cytokine, IL-18. We also tested several well-studied polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, curcumin, and 1531364 theaflavin digallate (TFDG), all of which are potent antioxidents, to determine if such a response 23115181 was a common property of polyphenols. When oenothein B reated cells were subsequently treated with suboptimal doses of IL-18, IFNc production was greatly enhanced compared to IL-18 or oenothein B alone (Figure 3). These data suggested that oenothein B could prime immune cells for enhanced IFNc production in response to lowdoses of IL-18. Resveratrol and curcumin did not enhance IFNc production in response to IL-18, but rather appeared to suppress the response, which would be consistent with previous studies describing their immunosuppressive properties [39], [40]. Both EGCG and TFDG enhanced IFNc production in response to IL-18 in one of the calves tested, but their effect was not as consistent or as robust as oenothein B. The level of priming by oenothein B and the amount of IFNc produced varied between animals. It is likely that these observed differences between the three calves were due to animal-specific responses to oenothein B, as our preliminary studies with IL-2Ra suggested thatStimulation of Lymphocytes by Oenothein BFigure 5. IFNc production by human lymphocytes in response to oenothein B. (A) Human PBMCs (105 cells/well) were treated with the indicated concentrations of oenothein B or X-VIVO medium alone for 48 hrs, and soluble IFNc levels in supernatant fluids were measured by ELISA. The graph represents data from ten individuals, with each sample plated in triplicate. Statistical significance was measured by One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test. *p,0.05, **p,0.01, ***p,0.001 (B) Human PBMCs (105 cells/well) were treated with oenothein B or X-VIVO medium alone for 6 hrs in the presence of brefeldin A. The percent of total CD3+ T cells, cd T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells positive for IFNc staining was then determined by flow cytometry. The graphs represent data for five individuals, with each treatment analyzed in triplicate. Statistical significance was determined by paired Student’s t-test. *p,0.05, **p,0.01, ***p,0.001 (C) Representative examples of two-color flow cytometry plots comparing IFNc staining on oenothein B-treated and untreated human lymphocytes. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050546.gPBMCs from individual calves can respond differently to oenothein B. Based on these results, we focused our subsequent studies on oenothein B and its effect on IFNc production.Presence of CD335+ Cells is Essential for Oenothein B Priming to IL-After observing enhanced IFNc production by bovine cells pretreated with oenothein B, we then determined which cells were important for this response. Since oenothein B has been shown to be a potent monocyte agonist, we first examined if these cells were essential for the priming responses. Monocytes were removed by flow cytometric sorting, and the priming response was again evaluated. P.