In the injured liver. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that iPS

In the injured liver. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that iPS transfusion reduced serum ALT, AST and the areas of necrosis in acute CCl4injured liver. The treatment of iPS enhances the expression of hepatic IP-10, which is an important hepatoprotective mediator to facilitate hepatocyte regeneration, restoration of liver function, and improve survival in the acute CCl4-injured liver.Materials and Methods Experimental Design and Animal StudyMice (C57/B6, 8 to 10 weeks) were housed in cage and were allowed free access to food and water. Mouse was given carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, Sigma) in mineral oil (0.35 ml/g, single dose, i.p.) to induce liver injury. At 4 h post-injury, mice were randomized to receive vehicle (PBS), iPS or iHL (26106 cells/in 100 ml PBS) infusions via tail veins. At given time point, about 100 ml of mice blood were drawn from facial veins for liver biochemistry. When mice were sacrificed, blood were drawn fromIP-10 in Liver Injury Post iPS TransplantationFigure 4. The cellular source and the beneficial MedChemExpress ICG-001 effects of IP-10. (A) In vitro cultured iPS secreted IP-10 18325633 into culture medium. (B) Mice primary hepatocytes (HC) and none-parenchymal cells (Npc) were isolated from normal and injured mice livers at 24 h post-injury. After iPS infusion, increased expression of IP-10 mRNA were observed Hydroxy Iloperidone site mainly in HC from injured liver after iPS treatment (n = 3). (C) Mice none-transformed hepatocytes (AML12) were co-cultured with iPS. iPS increased the viability of the CCl4-injured hepatocytes (n = 3 independent experiment). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050577.gIP-10 in Liver Injury Post iPS TransplantationFigure 5. IP-10 is an important factor that mediated the beneficial effects of iPS. (A) Recombinant IP-10 (rIP-10) increased the viability of injured hepatocytes 24 h after CCl4 injury at concentration of 1.0 to 2.5 mM. (B) In injured mice, rIP-10 reduced the degree of liver damage and the effects of rIP-10 were compatible to iPS alone. Combined treatment of rIP-10 and iPS had no additional damage-reducing effects. (C) Anti-IP-10 wasIP-10 in Liver Injury Post iPS Transplantationused to neutralize the effect of IP-10. Application of anti-IP-10 antibody itself did not exert significant effect but significantly attenuated the reduction of ALT level in the CCl4+iPS group at 24 h after CCl4 injury (n = 6, *p,0.05 vs. CCl4 group, #p,0.05 vs. CCl4+iPS group). (D) In CCl4-injured mice received iPS transfusion, the hepatocyte proliferation at the portal region at 48 h after CCl4 injury was significantly reduced by anti-IP-10 antibody. (E) Survival curve of mice treated with CCl4, CCl4+iPS or rIP-10. All the mice were challenged with CCl4 at time 0, 24 and 48 h (n = 32). At 4 h after initial injury, half of the repetitive injured mice were randomized into two groups to receive iPS (n = 8) or rIP-10 (n = 8) treatment. The survivals of each group were observed until 72 h. Both rIP-10 and IPS treated groups had significant higher survival rates (*p,0.05, n = 6 in each group). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050577.gthe heart and the liver was harvested and prepared for subsequent experiments including histochemistry, cytokine assay, protein and gene expression analysis. For flow cytometry and primary liver cells studies, total liver cells were isolated at 24 h post-injury from normal and the CCl4-injured mice received vehicle or iPS transfusion. For neutralizing antibody study, mice were given two doses (0.5 mg/dose, i.p.) of anti-IP-10 antibodies.In the injured liver. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that iPS transfusion reduced serum ALT, AST and the areas of necrosis in acute CCl4injured liver. The treatment of iPS enhances the expression of hepatic IP-10, which is an important hepatoprotective mediator to facilitate hepatocyte regeneration, restoration of liver function, and improve survival in the acute CCl4-injured liver.Materials and Methods Experimental Design and Animal StudyMice (C57/B6, 8 to 10 weeks) were housed in cage and were allowed free access to food and water. Mouse was given carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, Sigma) in mineral oil (0.35 ml/g, single dose, i.p.) to induce liver injury. At 4 h post-injury, mice were randomized to receive vehicle (PBS), iPS or iHL (26106 cells/in 100 ml PBS) infusions via tail veins. At given time point, about 100 ml of mice blood were drawn from facial veins for liver biochemistry. When mice were sacrificed, blood were drawn fromIP-10 in Liver Injury Post iPS TransplantationFigure 4. The cellular source and the beneficial effects of IP-10. (A) In vitro cultured iPS secreted IP-10 18325633 into culture medium. (B) Mice primary hepatocytes (HC) and none-parenchymal cells (Npc) were isolated from normal and injured mice livers at 24 h post-injury. After iPS infusion, increased expression of IP-10 mRNA were observed mainly in HC from injured liver after iPS treatment (n = 3). (C) Mice none-transformed hepatocytes (AML12) were co-cultured with iPS. iPS increased the viability of the CCl4-injured hepatocytes (n = 3 independent experiment). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050577.gIP-10 in Liver Injury Post iPS TransplantationFigure 5. IP-10 is an important factor that mediated the beneficial effects of iPS. (A) Recombinant IP-10 (rIP-10) increased the viability of injured hepatocytes 24 h after CCl4 injury at concentration of 1.0 to 2.5 mM. (B) In injured mice, rIP-10 reduced the degree of liver damage and the effects of rIP-10 were compatible to iPS alone. Combined treatment of rIP-10 and iPS had no additional damage-reducing effects. (C) Anti-IP-10 wasIP-10 in Liver Injury Post iPS Transplantationused to neutralize the effect of IP-10. Application of anti-IP-10 antibody itself did not exert significant effect but significantly attenuated the reduction of ALT level in the CCl4+iPS group at 24 h after CCl4 injury (n = 6, *p,0.05 vs. CCl4 group, #p,0.05 vs. CCl4+iPS group). (D) In CCl4-injured mice received iPS transfusion, the hepatocyte proliferation at the portal region at 48 h after CCl4 injury was significantly reduced by anti-IP-10 antibody. (E) Survival curve of mice treated with CCl4, CCl4+iPS or rIP-10. All the mice were challenged with CCl4 at time 0, 24 and 48 h (n = 32). At 4 h after initial injury, half of the repetitive injured mice were randomized into two groups to receive iPS (n = 8) or rIP-10 (n = 8) treatment. The survivals of each group were observed until 72 h. Both rIP-10 and IPS treated groups had significant higher survival rates (*p,0.05, n = 6 in each group). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050577.gthe heart and the liver was harvested and prepared for subsequent experiments including histochemistry, cytokine assay, protein and gene expression analysis. For flow cytometry and primary liver cells studies, total liver cells were isolated at 24 h post-injury from normal and the CCl4-injured mice received vehicle or iPS transfusion. For neutralizing antibody study, mice were given two doses (0.5 mg/dose, i.p.) of anti-IP-10 antibodies.