Ion, etc. [24?8]. Our prior study discovered that the pancreatic acinar cells

Ion, etc. [24?8]. Our prior study discovered that the pancreatic acinar cells suffered calcium overload and reducedvitality, as being incubated with AP serum or ascitic fluid [8]. In this study, we first induced experimentally AP in rats and proved the induction of AP animal model was successful by demonstrating the pathological change of pancreatic morphology and the increase of pancreatic enzyme in rat serum after the induction. Upon affirmation of the model, we continued to establish a gene expression profile to illustrate the altered gene expression of pancreatic enzymes and inflammatory MedChemExpress CUDC-427 mediators, 15900046 in an attempt to trace the underline genes that played most critical roles in the pathogenesis of AGML associated to AP. And the results from AP and control rats profiled using gene chip analysis were consistent with those of biochemical assays. In addition, we tested if thereFigure 3. The analyzed expression profile of selected genes in AP rats using a genechip software. (A) The Scatter Plots illustrate the the relative gene expression in pancreas of AP and control rats. Red dots represent genes that were upregulated at least 2-folds ( 26 value of the control, P,0.05), as green dots represent genes downregulated at least 2-folds (#0.56 value of the control, P,0.05), depicted with the upper and lower boundaries, respectively. (B) The clustering patterns illlustrate the 15 chosen genes (with their Genebank ID) that are closely linked to acute pancreatitis. Red bars symbolize the genes that were upregulated 2-folds or more (P,0.05) and green bars the genes that were downregulated 2folds or more (P,0.05). Each sample was triplicated and the upregulated genes, alongwith their Gene Name and Genebank ID were singled out and listed in Table 1. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052921.gCannabinoid HU210; Protective Effect on Rat StomachFigure 4. Changes of the components in serum and in gastric juice of rats with experimental acute pancreatitis. (A) IL-6, KC and LPS levels in rat serum. (B) Gastrin and somatostatin levels in rat serum. (C) Pepsin levels and [H+] in rat gastric juice. Each specimen was measured three times and data are expressed as mean 6 SEM (n = 8). *P,0.05 vs control, **P,0.01 vs control. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052921.gwere beneficial effects of cannabinoid antagonists and/or agonists in the animals with experimental acute pancreatitis. Based on the aforementioned results, we addressed the question whether gastric secretion, both the endocrine or exocrine functions, would be altered in AP rats. It is known that gastrin stimulates acid output and pepsin secretion, as somatostatin counteracts the effects of gastrin. When gastrin or somatostatin secretion fails to maintain a basic equilibrium, the surplus pepsin and acid release disproportionally, resulting in damages and dysfunctions of the stomach during acute pancreatitis. As demonstrated in this report, we found a significantly raised gastrin level in serum, and elevated pepsin and acid levels in the gastric juice of AP rats, which confirmed that the endocrine and exocrine functions of the stomach were disturbed in the AP model. Moreover, the circulating activated proteolytic enzymes, vasoactive CPI-455 supplier proteins and endotoxin specific to the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis may be responsible for AGML as well. Therefore, we explored the effects of the serum from AP rats on the isolated and perfused rat stomach such that the organ could ignore the systemic stress and impacts. The isolated.Ion, etc. [24?8]. Our prior study discovered that the pancreatic acinar cells suffered calcium overload and reducedvitality, as being incubated with AP serum or ascitic fluid [8]. In this study, we first induced experimentally AP in rats and proved the induction of AP animal model was successful by demonstrating the pathological change of pancreatic morphology and the increase of pancreatic enzyme in rat serum after the induction. Upon affirmation of the model, we continued to establish a gene expression profile to illustrate the altered gene expression of pancreatic enzymes and inflammatory mediators, 15900046 in an attempt to trace the underline genes that played most critical roles in the pathogenesis of AGML associated to AP. And the results from AP and control rats profiled using gene chip analysis were consistent with those of biochemical assays. In addition, we tested if thereFigure 3. The analyzed expression profile of selected genes in AP rats using a genechip software. (A) The Scatter Plots illustrate the the relative gene expression in pancreas of AP and control rats. Red dots represent genes that were upregulated at least 2-folds ( 26 value of the control, P,0.05), as green dots represent genes downregulated at least 2-folds (#0.56 value of the control, P,0.05), depicted with the upper and lower boundaries, respectively. (B) The clustering patterns illlustrate the 15 chosen genes (with their Genebank ID) that are closely linked to acute pancreatitis. Red bars symbolize the genes that were upregulated 2-folds or more (P,0.05) and green bars the genes that were downregulated 2folds or more (P,0.05). Each sample was triplicated and the upregulated genes, alongwith their Gene Name and Genebank ID were singled out and listed in Table 1. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052921.gCannabinoid HU210; Protective Effect on Rat StomachFigure 4. Changes of the components in serum and in gastric juice of rats with experimental acute pancreatitis. (A) IL-6, KC and LPS levels in rat serum. (B) Gastrin and somatostatin levels in rat serum. (C) Pepsin levels and [H+] in rat gastric juice. Each specimen was measured three times and data are expressed as mean 6 SEM (n = 8). *P,0.05 vs control, **P,0.01 vs control. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052921.gwere beneficial effects of cannabinoid antagonists and/or agonists in the animals with experimental acute pancreatitis. Based on the aforementioned results, we addressed the question whether gastric secretion, both the endocrine or exocrine functions, would be altered in AP rats. It is known that gastrin stimulates acid output and pepsin secretion, as somatostatin counteracts the effects of gastrin. When gastrin or somatostatin secretion fails to maintain a basic equilibrium, the surplus pepsin and acid release disproportionally, resulting in damages and dysfunctions of the stomach during acute pancreatitis. As demonstrated in this report, we found a significantly raised gastrin level in serum, and elevated pepsin and acid levels in the gastric juice of AP rats, which confirmed that the endocrine and exocrine functions of the stomach were disturbed in the AP model. Moreover, the circulating activated proteolytic enzymes, vasoactive proteins and endotoxin specific to the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis may be responsible for AGML as well. Therefore, we explored the effects of the serum from AP rats on the isolated and perfused rat stomach such that the organ could ignore the systemic stress and impacts. The isolated.