Roup A genomes. In each case where we investigated the position

Roup A genomes. In each case where we investigated the position of the coding sequence in the contigs of draft genomes, we found it to be encoded at a contig terminus, and any adjacent bases shared homology with the insE1 gene found in MG1655. However, although several E. coli genomes from phylogroups other that phylogroup A encode a longer homologue of YmdE at 945 bp, in phylogroup A genomes, we could not detect any additional frameshift mutations, and only one genome had a nonsense mutation resulting in truncation of the coding sequence for ymdE. The lack of evidence for mutational attrition of ymdE, which may be expected to accrue if the pseudogene was selectively neutral, could suggest that this gene retains functionality. The ymdE gene contains domains consistent with acetyltransferase activity and,Three loci form a specific phylogroup A MPEC core genome.Scientific RepoRts | 6:30115 | DOI: 10.1038/srepwww.nature.com/scientificreports/Figure 3. Within-country MPEC isolates are no more similar than would be expected by chance. Panel A shows a maximum likelihood tree of the 66 MPEC genomes used in this study, showing their relative positions within phylogroup A. Labels are coloured according to country of origin (Belgium = brown, Finland = purple, France = blue, Germany = gold, Israel = green, UK = red). One isolate (ECC-Z) was isolated from the Netherlands, and one from Denmark. Both these isolates are coloured black and due to the fact that they are the only representatives for their country groups these isolates were (Z)-4-Hydroxytamoxifen site excluded from the analysis in this Figure. The countries of origin appear well mixed throughout the phylogenetic tree. Informative bootstrap values are given as integers adjacent to bifurcations. Panel B shows density estimates for the average phylogenetic distance observed between 10,000 randomised samples of the same number of genomes as isolates from each country (n, given CEP-37440 dose alongside the country name for each plot), alongside a red vertical line which denotes the actual average distance between the E. coli genomes from each country. For each country, the average distance observed between the strains is no different than could be generated by a random process. The four grey vertical lines going right of the leading edge of the density plots represent p values of 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.05, respectively.Scientific RepoRts | 6:30115 | DOI: 10.1038/srepwww.nature.com/scientificreports/Figure 4. The core genome and pan genome size of the strains investigated. Panel A shows a curve for the core genome (genes present in at least n-1 strains) of phylogroup A E. coli (blue) and MPEC (red) when n number of strains are sampled from the populations, over 10,000 replications per data point. Polygons represent the standard deviation at each data point. This data shows that MPEC have a larger core genome than typical of phylogroup A. Panel B shows a curve for the pan-genome (genes present in at least one strain) for phylogroup A (blue) or MPEC (red) strains, when n number of genomes are sampled from the population, over 10,000 replications per data point. Polygons represent the standard deviation at each data point. These data shows that MPEC have a smaller pan-genome than phylogroup A E. coli. although it has not been characterised, there is evidence for ymdE transcription in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The adjacent gene, ycdU was also identified by our analysis as part of the specific MPEC core genome. Thi.Roup A genomes. In each case where we investigated the position of the coding sequence in the contigs of draft genomes, we found it to be encoded at a contig terminus, and any adjacent bases shared homology with the insE1 gene found in MG1655. However, although several E. coli genomes from phylogroups other that phylogroup A encode a longer homologue of YmdE at 945 bp, in phylogroup A genomes, we could not detect any additional frameshift mutations, and only one genome had a nonsense mutation resulting in truncation of the coding sequence for ymdE. The lack of evidence for mutational attrition of ymdE, which may be expected to accrue if the pseudogene was selectively neutral, could suggest that this gene retains functionality. The ymdE gene contains domains consistent with acetyltransferase activity and,Three loci form a specific phylogroup A MPEC core genome.Scientific RepoRts | 6:30115 | DOI: 10.1038/srepwww.nature.com/scientificreports/Figure 3. Within-country MPEC isolates are no more similar than would be expected by chance. Panel A shows a maximum likelihood tree of the 66 MPEC genomes used in this study, showing their relative positions within phylogroup A. Labels are coloured according to country of origin (Belgium = brown, Finland = purple, France = blue, Germany = gold, Israel = green, UK = red). One isolate (ECC-Z) was isolated from the Netherlands, and one from Denmark. Both these isolates are coloured black and due to the fact that they are the only representatives for their country groups these isolates were excluded from the analysis in this Figure. The countries of origin appear well mixed throughout the phylogenetic tree. Informative bootstrap values are given as integers adjacent to bifurcations. Panel B shows density estimates for the average phylogenetic distance observed between 10,000 randomised samples of the same number of genomes as isolates from each country (n, given alongside the country name for each plot), alongside a red vertical line which denotes the actual average distance between the E. coli genomes from each country. For each country, the average distance observed between the strains is no different than could be generated by a random process. The four grey vertical lines going right of the leading edge of the density plots represent p values of 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.05, respectively.Scientific RepoRts | 6:30115 | DOI: 10.1038/srepwww.nature.com/scientificreports/Figure 4. The core genome and pan genome size of the strains investigated. Panel A shows a curve for the core genome (genes present in at least n-1 strains) of phylogroup A E. coli (blue) and MPEC (red) when n number of strains are sampled from the populations, over 10,000 replications per data point. Polygons represent the standard deviation at each data point. This data shows that MPEC have a larger core genome than typical of phylogroup A. Panel B shows a curve for the pan-genome (genes present in at least one strain) for phylogroup A (blue) or MPEC (red) strains, when n number of genomes are sampled from the population, over 10,000 replications per data point. Polygons represent the standard deviation at each data point. These data shows that MPEC have a smaller pan-genome than phylogroup A E. coli. although it has not been characterised, there is evidence for ymdE transcription in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The adjacent gene, ycdU was also identified by our analysis as part of the specific MPEC core genome. Thi.