162] [47] [163][16] [17]Increased fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative protein fragmentation Nox-4 LLY-507 supplier knockdown Decreased fibrosis, reduced JWH-133 manufacturer accumulation of myofibroblasts P47phox knockdown Absence of collagen deposition, increased inflammation Nrf knockdown Increased fibrosis Smad3knockdown Decreased fibrosis Decreased fibrosis FN EDA knockdownn 6 integrin knockdown Decreased fibrosis, increased inflammationn[18][19] [20][21]FN: fibronectin.[22]these events, investigations into the mechanisms responsible for such interactions are likely to unveil novel insights into disease pathogenesis. This research is already unveiling molecules and pathways that could be targeted to reduce the burden of pulmonary fibrosing disorders (Table 1).[23][24]Acknowledgments The author’s research is funded by the National Institutes of Health (R01 AA019953 and U01 HL121807, JR) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (5I01 BX000216-02, JR).[25][26][27]
The ability to recognise emotions in other people from their facial expressions is an important skill for social development [1]. It has been found that children do not reach adult levels of performance on emotion recognition tasks until late adolescence [1, 2]. However, when comparing different age groups on emotion recognition performance, most studies have used adult faces, failing to take in to account the effect this may have on the performance of children, who obviously do not belong to this age category. It has been established that people are better at processing the faces of individuals belonging to their in-group, compared to the faces of individuals belonging to an out-group. In studies of face recognition, participants are more accurate at recognising faces of individuals belonging to their own cultural group [3] and at recognising faces of individuals belonging to their own agegroup [4, 5]. There is also some evidence that people find it easier to recognise emotional expressions on faces of individuals belonging to their in-group. In a meta-analysis Elfenbein and Ambady (6) concluded that expression recognition is more accurate when the perceiver and the expresser are members of the same cultural group.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125256 May 15,1 /No Own-Age Advantage in Children’s Recognition of EmotionThere are two predominant theories for why in-group advantages in face processing exist, which may be applied to recognition of facial emotions, as well as recognition of facial identity. jir.2013.0113 One theory is that people show increased attention to the faces of individuals from their ingroup and this increased attention improves processing [7]. An alternative theory is that greater experience with in-group faces leads to perceptual expertise jir.2014.0026 for coding certain types of facial features [3]. There is evidence that there are subtle differences in how expressions are presented on different age faces due to age-related changes in facial characteristics [8]. Therefore lack of experience with a certain age group may feasibly decrease the ability to accurately recognise the emotions of members of that group. To date, the few studies that have looked for own-age biases in emotion recognition have compared younger and older adults [9, 10]. Two of these studies found no support for an ownage bias in emotion recognition, instead finding that both younger adults and older adults find it easier to recognise expressions on younger adult faces [9, 11]. One larger study did find some evidence for an own-age bias, with.162] [47] [163][16] [17]Increased fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative protein fragmentation Nox-4 knockdown Decreased fibrosis, reduced accumulation of myofibroblasts P47phox knockdown Absence of collagen deposition, increased inflammation Nrf knockdown Increased fibrosis Smad3knockdown Decreased fibrosis Decreased fibrosis FN EDA knockdownn 6 integrin knockdown Decreased fibrosis, increased inflammationn[18][19] [20][21]FN: fibronectin.[22]these events, investigations into the mechanisms responsible for such interactions are likely to unveil novel insights into disease pathogenesis. This research is already unveiling molecules and pathways that could be targeted to reduce the burden of pulmonary fibrosing disorders (Table 1).[23][24]Acknowledgments The author’s research is funded by the National Institutes of Health (R01 AA019953 and U01 HL121807, JR) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (5I01 BX000216-02, JR).[25][26][27]
The ability to recognise emotions in other people from their facial expressions is an important skill for social development [1]. It has been found that children do not reach adult levels of performance on emotion recognition tasks until late adolescence [1, 2]. However, when comparing different age groups on emotion recognition performance, most studies have used adult faces, failing to take in to account the effect this may have on the performance of children, who obviously do not belong to this age category. It has been established that people are better at processing the faces of individuals belonging to their in-group, compared to the faces of individuals belonging to an out-group. In studies of face recognition, participants are more accurate at recognising faces of individuals belonging to their own cultural group [3] and at recognising faces of individuals belonging to their own agegroup [4, 5]. There is also some evidence that people find it easier to recognise emotional expressions on faces of individuals belonging to their in-group. In a meta-analysis Elfenbein and Ambady (6) concluded that expression recognition is more accurate when the perceiver and the expresser are members of the same cultural group.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125256 May 15,1 /No Own-Age Advantage in Children’s Recognition of EmotionThere are two predominant theories for why in-group advantages in face processing exist, which may be applied to recognition of facial emotions, as well as recognition of facial identity. jir.2013.0113 One theory is that people show increased attention to the faces of individuals from their ingroup and this increased attention improves processing [7]. An alternative theory is that greater experience with in-group faces leads to perceptual expertise jir.2014.0026 for coding certain types of facial features [3]. There is evidence that there are subtle differences in how expressions are presented on different age faces due to age-related changes in facial characteristics [8]. Therefore lack of experience with a certain age group may feasibly decrease the ability to accurately recognise the emotions of members of that group. To date, the few studies that have looked for own-age biases in emotion recognition have compared younger and older adults [9, 10]. Two of these studies found no support for an ownage bias in emotion recognition, instead finding that both younger adults and older adults find it easier to recognise expressions on younger adult faces [9, 11]. One larger study did find some evidence for an own-age bias, with.
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